- Research article
- Open Access
Alternative splicing variations in mouse CAPS2: differential expression and functional properties of splicing variants
- Tetsushi Sadakata1,
- Miwa Washida1 and
- Teiichi Furuichi1Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-8-25
© Sadakata et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
- Received: 09 February 2007
- Accepted: 12 April 2007
- Published: 12 April 2007
Abstract
Background
Ca2+-dependent activator protein 2 (CAPS2/CADPS2) is a secretory vesicle-associated protein involved in the release of neurotrophin. We recently reported that an aberrant, alternatively spliced CAPS2 mRNA that lacks exon 3 (CAPS2Δexon3) is detected in some patients with autism. Splicing variations in mouse CAPS2 and their expression and functions remain unclear.
Results
In this study, we defined 31 exons in the mouse CAPS2 gene and identified six alternative splicing variants, CAPS2a-f. CAPS2a is an isoform lacking exons 22 and 25, which encode part of the Munc13-1-homologous domain (MHD). CAPS2b lacks exon 25. CAPS2c lacks exons 11 and 22. CAPS2d, 2e, and 2f have C-terminal deletions from exon 14, exon 12, and exon 5, respectively. On the other hand, a mouse counterpart of CAPS2Δexon3 was not detected in the mouse tissues tested. CAPS2b was expressed exclusively in the brain, and the other isoforms were highly expressed in the brain, but also in some non-neural tissues. In the brain, all isoforms showed predominant expression patterns in the cerebellum. In the developing cerebellum, CAPS2b showed an up-regulated expression pattern, whereas the other isoforms exhibited transiently peaked expression patterns. CAPS2 proteins were mostly recovered in soluble fractions, but some were present in membrane fractions, except for CAPS2c and 2f, both of which lack the PH domain, suggesting that the PH domain is important for membrane association. In contrast to CAPS2a and 2b, CAPS2c showed slightly decreased BDNF-releasing activity, which is likely due to the C-terminal truncation of the PH domain in CAPS2c.
Conclusion
This study indicates that, in mouse, there are six splicing variants of CAPS2 (CAPS2a-f), and that these are subdivided into two groups: a long form containing the C-terminal MHD and a short form lacking the C-terminal MHD. These results demonstrate that the splicing variations correlate with their expression patterns and intracellular distribution, and affect BDNF release; however, whether or not the short forms possess activities other than BDNF release, for example as natural dominant-negative isoforms, remains to be determined.
Keywords
- PC12 Cell
- Splice Variant
- Cerebellar Granule Cell
- Pleckstrin Homology Domain
- Short Isoforms
Background
The Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS/CADPS) family consists of two members, CAPS1/CADPS1 [1–3] and CAPS2/CADPS2 [4–6]. CAPS1 was shown to play a role in the ATP-dependent priming step of Ca2+-triggered dense-core vesicle (DCV) exocytosis by binding to both phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate and DCVs in response to Ca2+ increase [7, 8]; it also interacts with the dopamine receptor [9]. A study of CAPS1-deficient mice suggested that CAPS1 is involved in catecholamine loading of DCVs in embryonic chromaffin cells [10]. On the other hand, CAPS2 is associated with secretory vesicles containing the neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 in the parallel fiber terminals of cerebellar granule cells, and is involved in the release of BDNF and NT-3 [6]. CAPS2 is widely localized across various brain regions, and shows overlapping distribution patterns with BDNF in many areas [11]. Our recent studies of CAPS2-deficient mice indicated that CAPS2 plays pivotal roles in BDNF release, cellular phenotypes (e.g., neuronal survival and differentiation, synapse structure and function), and behavioral phenotypes (e.g., water-maze spatial learning, anxiety, circadian rhythm, maternal behavior) [12, 13].
The expression of an aberrant splicing variant of CAPS2 in some patients with autism has also been reported [12]. The autistic isoform, CAPS2Δexon3, is missing exon 3, which encodes the dynactin 1-interacting domain (DID) [12]. Exogenously expressed CAPS2Δexon3 failed to localize to axons but accumulated in somato-dendritic areas in cultured cerebellar and cortical neurons, suggesting a possible disturbance of local CAPS2-mediated neurotrophin release [12]. In this study, we further explore splicing variations in CAPS2 and identified five additional splice isoforms. We characterized the expression patterns and neurotrophin release properties of these isoforms.
Results and discussion
Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of mouse CAPS2. The p150 Glued /dynactin 1 interacting domain (DID), C2 domain, PH-like domain, and Munc13-1 homologous domain (MHD) are underlined: aa 134-331, 369–452, 494–596, and 677–1206, respectively.
Exon and intron structures of CAPS2 splice variants. Alternative splicing to generate CAPS2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, and 2f cDNAs. Represented here are the p150 Glued /dynactin 1 interacting domain (DID), C2 domain, PH-like domain, Munc13-1 homologous domain (MHD), and the C-terminal domain that mediates DCV binding (C-tail) [7]. The positions of the primers used in the experiments shown in Figures 3B and C are indicated by arrows. Exons used by only one isoform are shown in black rectangles.
Developmental expression pattern in cerebellum and tissue distribution of CAPS2 splice variants. (A) Exon 3-skipping in normal mice. RT-PCR analysis of CAPS2 mRNA in total RNA from developing mouse cerebella (P0, P3, P7, P12, P21, and P56) and various tissues (P7 and P21). An aberrant alternatively spliced CAPS2 mRNA that lacks exon 3 was previously observed in some autistic patients [12]. A single major band (502 bp) is apparent in all samples in which CAPS2 is expressed. A smaller band (169 bp) that would indicate skipping of exon 3 was not detected. The primers used are indicated on the corresponding exons by arrows. Lane M, 100-bp ladder molecular size marker (from 100 bp at the bottom to 1500 bp at the top). (B) The expression profile of CAPS2 isoforms in developing mouse cerebella at E18, P0, P3, P7, P12, P15, P21, and P56 was analyzed by RT-PCR. (C) The tissue distribution of CAPS2 isoform expression in P21 mice was analyzed by RT-PCR. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a control. The numbers of PCR cycles are shown in parenthesis.
We examined the patterns of CAPS2 splicing during cerebellar development, by RT-PCR using specific primer sets for each isoform. CAPS2b is the only isoform that contains exon 22. Therefore, RT-PCR with a primer pair spanning exon 21-exon 23 resulted in a longer band (267 bp) for CAPS2b in addition to a shorter band (147 bp) for CAPS2a and 2c. Interestingly, there was a peak in the expression of CAPS2a and/or 2c at P7, whereas CAPS2b was up-regulated throughout development (Figure 3B). The expression of CAPS2d reached a peak at P7 and decreased thereafter, whereas that of both CAPS2e and 2f reached a peak between P12 and P21.
Among the eight mouse tissues tested, the brain, lung, kidney, and testis showed expression of all isoforms except for CAPS2b (Figure 3C). Interestingly, expression of CAPS2b was detectable only in the brain. Among these isoforms, the expression level of CAPS2f was the lowest as shown by its requiring the highest cycle number of PCR cycles to detect it (numerals within the parenthesis of Figure 3B, C).
Expression of CAPS2 splicing variants mRNA in P7 and P21 mouse brains. (A-J) In situ hybridization analysis of the mRNA distribution of CAPS2 isoforms in parasagittal brain sections. (A and B) Exon 11 was used as a probe for CAPS2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e isoforms. (C and D) Exon 22 was used as a probe for the CAPS2b isoform. (E and F) The CAPS2d-specific exon (black rectangle in Figure 2) was used as a probe for the CAPS2d isoform. (G and H) The CAPS2e-specific exon (black rectangle in Figure 2) was used as a probe for the CAPS2e isoform. (I and J) The CAPS2f-specific exon (black rectangle in Figure 2) was used as a probe for the CAPS2f isoform. Scale bar = 2 mm. (K) In situ hybridization analysis of the mRNA distribution of CAPS2 isoforms in the P7 cerebellar cortex. EGL, external granule layer; ML, molecular layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; IGL, internal granule layer. Scale bar = 50 μm.
The subcellular distribution and expression level of CAPS2 splice variants. (A) C-terminal HA-tagged CAPS2 isoforms were exogenously expressed in PC12 cells. Membrane and soluble fractions were separated as described in the Experimental procedures section. An equal amount of total, soluble and membrane fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting with an anti-HA antibody. (B) The expression profile of CAPS2 isoforms in mouse cerebella at P56 was analyzed by Western blotting. The position and size (kDa) of molecular weight markers are indicated on the left. The deduced molecular weight (kDa) of each isoform is indicated in parentheses on the right.
We next examined the expression of the endogenous proteins produced from these splice isoform mRNAs in the mouse brain. Immunoreactive bands corresponding to short isoforms (CAPS2d-f) were observed at low to undetectable protein levels in the mouse cerebellum (Figure 5B). In addition, the previous report showed that in non-neural tissue such as pituitary, lung, pancreas and kidney, only a 150 kDa band immunoreactive for CAPS2 was detected [15]. At the mRNA level, more reaction cycles and time were needed for the amplification of transcripts encoding the short isoforms by RT-PCR and for the colorimetric detection of transcripts by in situ hybridization, respectively, indicating that the expression levels of the genes encoding the short isoforms are very low. These results indicate that the function of CAPS2 in vivo is apparently due to the long isoforms (CAPS2a-c) rather than the short isoforms (CAPS2d-f). However, the functional role(s) of the short isoforms remain to be studied.
The functional differences between CAPS2 splice variants. PC12 cells were transfected with CAPS2 constructs together with a BDNF expression vector. The concentrations of BDNF (pg/ml) in culture media of cells with or without 50 mM KCl stimulation were analyzed by ELISA. PC12 cells express CAPS1, another CAPS family protein, and thus showed increased levels of BDNF release in the presence of high K concentrations [6]. Our recent study also showed that overexpression of CAPS2 not only promotes activity-dependent, regulated release of BDNF, but also slightly increases the basal, constitutive release of BDNF [12]. Data points represent the averages of values obtained from four independent experiments. The error bars indicate the SD. *P < 0.05, by Student's t test. The differences between the BDNF releasing activities of three isoforms (CAPS2a, b, and c) after 50 mM KCl stimulation were shown to be significant by one-way ANOVA analysis (P < 0.05).
Interestingly, expression of the exon 22-containing isoform was up-regulated in the developing mouse cerebellum, whereas exon 22-skipped isoforms were expressed transiently, peaking at P7. Moreover, the exon 22-containing isoform showed higher BDNF-releasing activity than other long isoforms (Figure 3B). On the other hand, as described in our previous report, CAPS2 immunoreactivities are detected in both the soma and axon of cerebellar granule cells at P7, but almost exclusively in the axon at P21 [6]. These results suggest that the exon 22 splicing patterns are related to high releasing activity and axonal localization in cerebellar granule cells. CAPS2-mediated regulation of neurotrophin actions in terms of their releasing dose and subcellular localization may be important for normal cerebellar development.
The splicing of exon 22 is interesting for reasons other than the developmental differences in expression; that is, the exon 22-containing isoform was detectable only in the brain, whereas exon 22-skipped isoforms were widely expressed in various tissues. Exon 22 encodes part of the MHD, specifically a proline-rich domain (8 prolines within 40 residues). Proline-rich motifs occurred often in many protein-protein interaction sites, including one recognized by the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. Our preliminary screening of protein candidates that interact with the exon 22-encoded region, by yeast two-hybrid, isolated five candidates; however, none of these had an SH3 domain (data not shown). Future analyses of CAPS2 proline-rich domain-interacting proteins will clarify the significance of the alternative splicing of exon 22.
Conclusion
We explored the alternative splicing diversity of CAPS2 and identified six CAPS2 isoforms. The alternative splicing of exon 22 (presence or absence) was associated with a difference in tissue distribution and a developmental expression pattern. Our study showed that an intact PH domain is required for the association of CAPS2 with the membrane and efficient BDNF release activity. On the other hand, exon 3-skipping, found in autistic patients, was not observed in the mouse tissues tested.
Methods
Animals
All experimental protocols were approved by the RIKEN Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Cloning of mouse CAPS2 splicing variants
DNA containing exons 4 and 5 of CAPS2 was used as a probe to clone mouse CAPS2 splicing variant cDNAs. Approximately 1 × 106 plaques of a cDNA library constructed from P6 cerebella of C57BL/6j mice (a kind gift from Dr. M. E. Hatten, Rockefeller University, New York, NY) were screened using a 32P-labeled probe. Sequencing was performed in both directions by the dideoxy chain termination method using [α-32P] dCTP and the BcaBest dideoxy sequencing kit (Takara Bio, Otsu, Shiga, Japan).
RT-PCR analysis
A series of first-strand cDNAs was produced by reverse-transcription (RT) from 20 ng of total RNA derived from ICR mice using an oligo-dT primer. The cycling conditions were as follows: denaturing at 94°C for 3 min, amplification by cycles of 95°C (30 s), 60°C (30 s), and 72°C (1 min), and extension at 72°C for 5 min. Primers were as follows. Mouse CAPS2 exon 21–23 forward primer: 5'-GACCTGATGGAGTCTGC-3'; exon 21–23 reverse primer: 5'-CCAATGGAGATCAAAGACGAAC-3' (CAPS2b product: 267 bp; CAPS2a, c product: 147 bp); CAPS2d forward primer: 5'-GCTGTCATTGACCCCAC-3'; CAPS2d reverse primer: 5'-GATGAAACAACCCCAGTCAC-3' (CAPS2d PCR product: 220 bp); CAPS2e forward primer: 5'-CAACGCTGTTAAAGAGGGAG-3'; CAPS2e reverse primer: 5'-GCTTCAATTTTGTGTTTTATTAAGGTTATTATTTGATAATC-3' (CAPS2e PCR product: 240 bp); CAPS2f forward primer: 5'-CTGAGTAAGGAGCAGCTC-3'; CAPS2f reverse primer: 5'-GGCCAAGGCAGAAAGGT-3' (CAPS2f PCR product: 225 bp). RT-PCR of mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with the primers 5'-GCCATCAACGACCCCTTCATTGACCTC-3' (forward primer) and 5'-GCCATGTAGGCCATGAGGTCCACCAC-3' (reverse primer) was used as an internal control.
In situhybridization
DNA sequences corresponding to various exons of CAPS2 (exon 11, exon 22, CAPS2d-specific exon, CAPS2e-specific exon, and CAPS2f-specific exon) were used as templates to prepare digoxigenin-labeled antisense riboprobes using a digoxigenin-dUTP labeling kit (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Eight μm sections of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded P7 and P21 mouse brains were deparaffinized and treated with a proteinase K solution (10 ng/μl in PBS; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at room temperature for 15 min. After acetylation, sections were incubated in a hybridization buffer containing 500 ng/μl digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes, at 60°C overnight, in a humidified chamber. Hybridized sections were washed by successive immersion in 2 × SSC, 50% formamide (at 60°C for 20 min, twice), TNE (1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, at 37°C for 10 min), TNE containing 20 ng/μl RNase A (at 37°C for 30 min), 2 × SSC (at room temperature for 10 min, twice), and 0.2× SSC (at 60°C for 30 min, twice). The hybridization signals were detected using a digoxigenin detection kit (Roche diagnostics).
Subcellular fractionation
Subcellular fractionation was performed as described previously [17]. Mouse CAPS2 cDNAs were subcloned into the pEF-BOS vector containing the EF-1α promoter [18] and a C-terminal hemagglutinin (HA) tag to create pEF-BOS-CAPS2-HA. PC12 cells (1 × 106 cells) transfected with pEF-BOS-CAPS2-HA constructs, using LIPOFECTAMINE 2000 Reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions, were harvested 1 day after transfection and suspended in 1 ml of a homogenization buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.32 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA and a 1× cocktail of protease inhibitors) and passed five times through a 26-gauge needle. The homogenate was centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was further centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 1 h at 4°C and the resulting supernatant was saved as the cytosolic fraction. The pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of homogenization buffer (crude membrane fraction). Protein concentrations in each fraction were quantified using bicinchoninic acid (BCA protein assay; Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA), and equal amounts of protein were separated by SDS-PAGE and subjected to Western blotting.
Preparation of subcellular fractions
P56 C57BL/6J male mice were sacrificed after anesthesia with diethyl ether. Mouse cerebella were dissected and homogenized in ice-cold homogenization buffer (50 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 10% Glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, protease inhibitor cocktail) using a glass/Teflon homogenizer. Homogenates were centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The protein concentrations of lysates were quantified using a BCA protein assay. Ten μg of protein was separated by SDS-PAGE and subjected to Western blotting.
Antibodies
Guinea pig polyclonal anti-CAPS2 antibody raised against the GST-tagged CAPS2 (aa 18–89) [6] and rat monoclonal anti-HA antibody (cat. no. 1867423, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN, USA) were used for Western blotting (used at dilution of 1:10,000 and 1:1,000, respectively).
Secretion assay
Mouse BDNF cDNA was subcloned into the pEF4/Myc-His plasmid vector containing the EF-1α promoter (Invitrogen) to create pEF4/Myc-His-BDNF. Mouse CAPS2 cDNA was subcloned into the pcDNA3 plasmid vector containing the CMV promoter (Invitrogen) to create pcDNA3-CAPS2. Transfections were carried out in 24-well plates, using LIPOFECTAMINE 2000 Reagent (Invitrogen) as described previously [6]. For these experiments we applied LIPOFECTAMINE complexed with 1 μg of pcDNA3-CAPS2 and 0.05 μg of pEF4/Myc-His-BDNF plasmid DNAs to PC12 cells. Following 5 h of incubation with the LIPOFECTAMINE and plasmid DNA complexes, cells were washed and grown in normal medium. At 24 h after transfection, PC12 cells were incubated in fresh assay medium (DMEM containing 0.2% BSA) for 10 min. Two different DMEMs were used: standard DMEM (11965; Invitrogen) and high-KCl DMEM (50 mM KCl, 65 mM NaCl based on 11965; specially ordered; Invitrogen). Both DMEMs were fully equilibrated in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C before application. Culture media were collected after control and high-KCl stimulation assays, and the neurotrophin concentration (pg/ml) was measured using the BDNF Emax ImmunoAssay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using Statcel software (OMS, Saitama, Japan). Data were compared using the Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test according to unequal or equal variance. Comparisons between groups of splicing variants were made using one-way ANOVA. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Jin-hong Huang and CDT-DB team members of our lab for help with mouse brain analysis. We also thank Dr. M.E. Hatten (Rockefeller University) for the cerebellar cDNA library. This study was supported by grants-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Grant number: 17700322 to TS), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN).
Authors’ Affiliations
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