Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM. Stroke. Lancet. 2008;371(9624):1612–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60694-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paul S, Candelario-Jalil E. Emerging neuroprotective strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke: An overview of clinical and preclinical studies. Exp Neurol. 2021;335: 113518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113518.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Donkor ES. Stroke in the 21(st) century: a snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life. Stroke Res Treat. 2018;2018: 3238165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3238165.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ahnstedt H, McCullough LD, Cipolla MJ. The importance of considering sex differences in translational stroke research. Transl Stroke Res. 2016;7(4):261–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-016-0450-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Manwani B, McCullough LD. Sexual dimorphism in ischemic stroke: lessons from the laboratory. Womens Health. 2011;7(3):319–39. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.11.22.
Article
Google Scholar
Falsetti L, Viticchi G, Buratti L, Balucani C, Marra AM, Silvestrini M. From head to toe: sex and gender differences in the treatment of ischemic cerebral disease. Pharmacol Res. 2017;121:240–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.006.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hill MD, Kent DM, Hinchey J, Rowley H, Buchan AM, Wechsler LR, et al. Sex-based differences in the effect of intra-arterial treatment of stroke: analysis of the PROACT-2 study. Stroke. 2006;37(9):2322–5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000237060.21472.47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cramer SC. Repairing the human brain after stroke: I. Mechanisms of spontaneous recovery. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(3):272–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21393.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Promoting brain remodeling to aid in stroke recovery. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21(9):543–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2015.07.005.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Thijs V, Dobbelaere J, Devos H, et al. Time course of trunk, arm, leg, and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(2):173–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968307305456.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Conway SE, Roy-O’Reilly M, Friedler B, Staff I, Fortunato G, McCullough LD. Sex differences and the role of IL-10 in ischemic stroke recovery. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-015-0035-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Finklestein SP, Caday CG, Kano M, Berlove DJ, Hsu CY, Moskowitz M, et al. Growth factor expression after stroke. Stroke. 1990;21(11 Suppl):Iii122-4.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sawe N, Steinberg G, Zhao H. Dual roles of the MAPK/ERK1/2 cell signaling pathway after stroke. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86(8):1659–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21604.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhao EY, Efendizade A, Cai L, Ding Y. The role of Akt (protein kinase B) and protein kinase C in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurol Res. 2016;38(4):301–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2015.1133024.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mergenthaler P, Meisel A. Do stroke models model stroke? Dis Model Mech. 2012;5(6):718–25. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.010033.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O’Collins VE, Macleod MR, Donnan GA, Horky LL, van der Worp BH, Howells DW. 1,026 experimental treatments in acute stroke. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(3):467–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20741.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu F, McCullough LD. Middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rodents: methods and potential pitfalls. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011: 464701. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/464701.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fluri F, Schuhmann MK, Kleinschnitz C. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2015;9:3445–54. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s56071.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F. The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke. 1988;19(9):1083–92. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.19.9.1083.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O’Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, et al. Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(8):1412–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.66.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Encarnacion A, Horie N, Keren-Gill H, Bliss TM, Steinberg GK, Shamloo M. Long-term behavioral assessment of function in an experimental model for ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Method. 2011;196(2):247–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.010.
Article
Google Scholar
Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Tsuji M, Nishimura MC, Davis RL, Bartkowski H. Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion: evaluation of the model and development of a neurologic examination. Stroke. 1986;17(3):472–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Engelhorn T, Goerike S, Doerfler A, Okorn C, Forsting M, Heusch G, et al. The angiotensin II type 1-receptor blocker candesartan increases cerebral blood flow, reduces infarct size, and improves neurologic outcome after transient cerebral ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24(4):467–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200404000-00012.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bosetti F, Koenig JI, Ayata C, Back SA, Becker K, Broderick JP, et al. Translational stroke research: vision and opportunities. Stroke. 2017;48(9):2632–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.117.017112.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ahnstedt H, Mostajeran M, Blixt FW, Warfvinge K, Ansar S, Krause DN, et al. U0126 attenuates cerebral vasoconstriction and improves long-term neurologic outcome after stroke in female rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(3):454–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.217.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mostajeran M, Edvinsson L, Warfvinge K, Singh R, Ansar S. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 in the acute phase of stroke improves long-term neurological outcome and promotes recovery processes in rats. Acta Physiol. 2017;219(4):814–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12632.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Maddahi A, Edvinsson L. Cerebral ischemia induces microvascular pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via the MEK/ERK pathway. J Neuroinflammation. 2010;7:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-7-14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Maddahi A, Edvinsson L. Enhanced expressions of microvascular smooth muscle receptors after focal cerebral ischemia occur via the MAPK MEK/ERK pathway. BMC Neurosci. 2008;9:85. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mostajeran M, Wetterling F, Blixt FW, Edvinsson L, Ansar S. Acute mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibition improves functional recovery and vascular changes after ischaemic stroke in rat-monitored by 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Physiol. 2018;223(1): e12985. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12985.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sun J, Nan G. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in neurological diseases: a potential therapeutic target (review). Int J Mol Med. 2017;39(6):1338–46. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2962.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kilic E, Kilic U, Wang Y, Bassetti CL, Marti HH, Hermann DM. The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway mediates VEGF’s neuroprotective activity and induces blood brain barrier permeability after focal cerebral ischemia. FASEB J. 2006;20(8):1185–7. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.05-4829fje.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sharma S, Yang B, Xi X, Grotta JC, Aronowski J, Savitz SI. IL-10 directly protects cortical neurons by activating PI-3 kinase and STAT-3 pathways. Brain Res. 2011;1373:189–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.096.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xie R, Cheng M, Li M, Xiong X, Daadi M, Sapolsky RM, et al. Akt isoforms differentially protect against stroke-induced neuronal injury by regulating mTOR activities. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33(12):1875–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.132.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Miyawaki T, Ofengeim D, Noh KM, Latuszek-Barrantes A, Hemmings BA, Follenzi A, et al. The endogenous inhibitor of Akt, CTMP, is critical to ischemia-induced neuronal death. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12(5):618–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2299.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wu YT, Ouyang W, Lazorchak AS, Liu D, Shen HM, Su B. mTOR complex 2 targets Akt for proteasomal degradation via phosphorylation at the hydrophobic motif. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(16):14190–8. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.219923.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Islam A, Choudhury ME, Kigami Y, Utsunomiya R, Matsumoto S, Watanabe H, et al. Sustained anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-beta1 on microglia/macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2018;1864(3):721–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.022.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dobolyi A, Vincze C, Pal G, Lovas G. The neuroprotective functions of transforming growth factor beta proteins. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(7):8219–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078219.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moisan A, Favre IM, Rome C, Grillon E, Naegele B, Barbieux M, et al. Microvascular plasticity after experimental stroke: a molecular and MRI study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;38(5):344–53. https://doi.org/10.1159/000368597.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee HS, Han J, Bai HJ, Kim KW. Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: regulation, molecular and cellular communication at the neurovascular interface. FEBS J. 2009;276(17):4622–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07174.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin TN, Wang CK, Cheung WM, Hsu CY. Induction of angiopoietin and Tie receptor mRNA expression after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(2):387–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200002000-00021.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cekanaviciute E, Fathali N, Doyle KP, Williams AM, Han J, Buckwalter MS. Astrocytic transforming growth factor-beta signaling reduces subacute neuroinflammation after stroke in mice. Glia. 2014;62(8):1227–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.22675.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Doyle KP, Cekanaviciute E, Mamer LE, Buckwalter MS. TGFbeta signaling in the brain increases with aging and signals to astrocytes and innate immune cells in the weeks after stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2010;7:62. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-7-62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Krupinski J, Kaluza J, Kumar P, Kumar S, Wang JM. Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1994;25(9):1794–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wei L, Erinjeri JP, Rovainen CM, Woolsey TA. Collateral growth and angiogenesis around cortical stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2179–84.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lin TN, Nian GM, Chen SF, Cheung WM, Chang C, Lin WC, et al. Induction of Tie-1 and Tie-2 receptor protein expression after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21(6):690–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200106000-00007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Michalczyk K, Ziman M. Nestin structure and predicted function in cellular cytoskeletal organisation. Histol Histopathol. 2005;20(2):665–71. https://doi.org/10.14670/hh-20.665.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hendrickson ML, Rao AJ, Demerdash ON, Kalil RE. Expression of nestin by neural cells in the adult rat and human brain. PloS ONE. 2011;6(4): e18535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018535.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sofroniew MV. Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(12):638–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.08.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Anderson MA, Burda JE, Ren Y, Ao Y, O’Shea TM, Kawaguchi R, et al. Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration. Nature. 2016;532(7598):195–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17623.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ceanga M, Dahab M, Witte OW, Keiner S. Adult neurogenesis and stroke: a tale of two neurogenic niches. Front Neurosci. 2021;15: 700297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.700297.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jin K, Wang X, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA. Transgenic ablation of doublecortin-expressing cells suppresses adult neurogenesis and worsens stroke outcome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(17):7993–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000154107.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Garcia JM, Stillings SA, Leclerc JL, Phillips H, Edwards NJ, Robicsek SA, et al. Role of interleukin-10 in acute brain injuries. Front Neurol. 2017;8:244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00244.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Banerjee A, Wang J, Bodhankar S, Vandenbark AA, Murphy SJ, Offner H. Phenotypic changes in immune cell subsets reflect increased infarct volume in male vs. female mice. Transl Stroke Res. 2013;4(5):554–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-013-0268-z.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldman JM, Murr AS, Cooper RL. The rodent estrous cycle: characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80(2):84–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20106.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahnstedt H, Roy-O’Reilly M, Spychala MS, Mobley AS, Bravo-Alegria J, Chauhan A, et al. Sex differences in adipose tissue CD8(+) T cells and regulatory T cells in middle-aged mice. Front Immunol. 2018;9:659. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00659.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mostajeran M, Wetterling F, Blixt FW, Edvinsson L, Ansar S. Acute mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibition improves functional recovery and vascular changes after ischaemic stroke in rat-monitored by 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Physiol. 2018;223(1): e12985. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12985.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Maddahi A, Chen Q, Edvinsson L. Enhanced cerebrovascular expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 via the MEK/ERK pathway during cerebral ischemia in the rat. BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-10-56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vogel J, Mobius C, Kuschinsky W. Early delineation of ischemic tissue in rat brain cryosections by high-contrast staining. Stroke. 1999;30(5):1134–41.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar