Fiskum G, Murphy AN, Beal MF: Mitochondria in neurodegeneration: acute ischemia and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999, 19: 351-369. 10.1097/00004647-199904000-00001.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zipfel GJ, Lee JM, Choi DW: Reducing calcium overload in the ischemic brain. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341: 1543-1544. 10.1056/NEJM199911113412011.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paschen W: Role of calcium in neuronal cell injury: which subcellular compartment is involved?. Brain Res Bull. 2000, 53: 409-413. 10.1016/S0361-9230(00)00369-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yuan J, Yankner BA: Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature. 2000, 407: 802-809. 10.1038/35037739.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan PH: Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001, 21: 2-14. 10.1097/00004647-200101000-00002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Horn J, Limburg M: Calcium antagonists for ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2001, 32: 570-576. 10.1161/hs1001.096009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu SP, Choi DW: Ions, cell volume, and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 9360-9362. 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9360.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA: Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003, 4: 399-415. 10.1038/nrn1106.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lebeurrier N, Vivien D, Ali C: The complexity of tissue-type plasminogen activator: can serine protease inhibitors help in stroke management?. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2004, 8: 309-320. 10.1517/14728222.8.4.309.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clifton GL: Hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygen as treatment modalities for severe head injury. New Horiz. 1995, 3: 474-478.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Georgia MA, Krieger DW, Abou-Chebl A, Devlin TG, Jauss M, Davis SM, Koroshetz WJ, Rordorf G, Warach S: Cooling for Acute Ischemic Brain Damage (COOL AID): a feasibility trial of endovascular cooling. Neurology. 2004, 63: 312-317.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang JH, Lo T, Mychaskiw G, Colohan A: Mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen and neuroprotection in stroke. Pathophysiology. 2005, 12: 63-77. 10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.01.003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yrjanheikki J, Keinanen R, Pellikka M, Hökfelt T, Koistinaho J: Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 15769-15774. 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15769.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yrjanheikki J, Tikka T, Keinanen R, Goldsteins G, Chan PH, Koistinaho J: A tetracycline derivative, minocycline, reduces inflammation and protects against focal cerebral ischemia with a wide therapeutic window. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 13496-13500. 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13496.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Domercq M, Matute C: Neuroprotection by tetracyclines. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004, 25: 609-612. 10.1016/j.tips.2004.10.001.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen M, Ona VO, Li M, Ferrante RJ, Fink KB, Zhu S, Bian J, Guo L, Farrell LA, Hersch SM, Hobbs W, Vonsattel JP, Cha JH, Friedlander RM: Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease. Nat Med. 2000, 6: 797-801. 10.1038/80538.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Du Y, Ma Z, Lin S, Dodel RC, Gao F, Bales GF, Triarhou LC, Chernet E, Perry KW, Nelson DLG, Luecke S, Phebus LA, Bymaster FP, Paul PM: Minocycline prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98: 14669-14674. 10.1073/pnas.251341998.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells JE, Hurlbert RJ, Fehlings MG, Yong VW: Neuroprotection by minocycline facilitates significant recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. Brain. 2003, 126: 1628-1637. 10.1093/brain/awg178.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diguet E, Gross CE, Tison F, Bezard E: Rise and fall of minocycline in neuroprotection: need to promote publication of negative results. Exp Neurol1. 2004, 89: 1-4. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.05.016.
Article
Google Scholar
Hunter CL, Quintero EM, Gilstrap L, Bhat NR, Granholm AC: Minocycline protects basal forebrain cholinergic neurons from mu p75-saporin immunotoxic lesioning. Eur J Neurosci. 2002, 19: 3305-3316. 10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03439.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Metz LM, Zhang Y, Yeung M, Patry DG, Bell RB, Stoian CA, Yong VW, Patten SB, Duquette P, Antel JP, Mitchell JR: Minocycline reduces gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2004, 55: 756-10.1002/ana.20111.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yong VW, Wells J, Giuliani F, Casha S, Power C, Metz LM: The promise of minocycline in neurology. Lancet Neurol. 2004, 3: 744-751. 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00937-8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zemke D, Majid A: The potential of minocycline for neuroprotection in human neurologic disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004, 27: 293-298. 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li WW, Setzu A, Zhao C, Franklin RJM: Minocycline-mediated inhibition of microglia activation impairs oligodendrocyte progenitor cell responses and remyelination in a non-immune model of demyelination. J Neuroimmunol. 2005, 158: 58-66. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.011.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tikka TM, Koistinaho JE: Minocycline provides neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia. J Immunol. 2001, 166: 7527-7533.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tikka T, Fiebich BL, Goldsteins G, Keinänen R, Koistinaho J: Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia. J Neurosci. 2001, 21: 2580-2588.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin S, Zhang Y, Dodel R, Farlow MR, Paul PM, Du Y: Minocycline blocks nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibition p38 MAP kinase in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Neurosci Lett. 2001, 315: 61-64. 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02324-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pi R, Li W, Lee NT, Chan HH, Pu Y, Chan LN, Sucher NJ, Chang DC, Li M, Han Y: Inocycline prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons by differential regulation of p38 and Akt pathways. J Neurochem. 2004, 91: 1219-1230. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02796.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang J, Wei Q, Wang CY, Hill WD, Hess DC, Dong Z: Minocycline up-regulates Bcl-2 and protects against cell death in mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279: 19948-19954. 10.1074/jbc.M313629200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsuki S, Iuchi Y, Ikeda Y, Sasagawa I, Tomita Y, Fujii J: Suppression of cytochrome c release and apoptosis in testes with heat stress by minocycline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003, 312: 843-849. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.191.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chae IH, Park KW, Kim HS, Oh BH: Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis is mediated by Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression, transition of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin Chim Acta. 2004, 341: 83-91. 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.11.009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Teng YD, Choi H, Onario RC, Zhu S, Desilets FC, Lan S, Woodard EJ, Snyder EY, Eichler ME, Friedlander RM: Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 3071-3076. 10.1073/pnas.0306239101.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhu S, Stavrovskaya IG, Drozda M, Kim BY, Ona V, Li M, Sarang S, Liu AS, Hartley DM, Wu DC, Gullans S Ferrante RJ, Przedborski S, Kristal BS, Friedlander RM: Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice. Nature. 2002, 17: 74-78. 10.1038/417074a.
Article
Google Scholar
Arvin KL, Han BH, Du Y, Lin SZ, Paul SM, Holtzman DM: Minocycline markedly protects the neonatal brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury. Ann Neurol. 2002, 52: 54-61. 10.1002/ana.10242.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang CX, Yang T, Noor R, Shuaib A: Delayed minocycline but not delayed mild hypothermia protects against embolic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2002, 2: 2-10.1186/1471-2377-2-2.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang CX, Yang T, Shuaib A: Effects of minocycline alone and in combination with mild hypothermia in embolic stroke. Brain Res. 2003, 963: 327-969. 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)04045-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu L, Fagan SC, Waller JL, Edwards D, Borlongan CV, Zheng J, Hill WD, Feuerstein G, Hess DC: Low dose intravenous minocycline is neuroprotective after middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion in rats. BMC Neurol. 2004, 4: 7-10.1186/1471-2377-4-7.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diguet E, Fernagut PO, Wei X, Du Y, Rouland R, Gross C, Bezard E, Tison F: Deleterious effects of minocycline in animal models of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2004, 19: 3266-3276. 10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03372.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fagan SC, Edwards DJ, Borlongan CV, Xu L, Arora A, Feuerstein G, Hess DC: Optimal delivery of minocycline to the brain: implication for human studies of acute neuroprotection. Exp Neurol. 2004, 186: 248-291. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.12.006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Song Y, Wei EQ, Zhang WP, Zhang WP, Zhang L, Liu JR, Chen Z: Minocycline protects PC12 cells from ischemic-like injury and inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activation. Neuroreport. 2004, 15: 2181-2184. 10.1097/00001756-200410050-00007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang L, Sugama S, Chirichigno JW, Gregorio J, Lorenzl S, Shin DH, Browne SE, Shimizu Y, Joh TH, Beal MF, Albers DS: Minocycline enhances MPTP toxicity to dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2003, 74: 278-285. 10.1002/jnr.10709.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsuji M, Wilson MA, Lange MS, Johnston MV: Minocycline worsens hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a neonatal mouse model. Exp Neurol. 2004, 189: 58-65. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.01.011.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Werz O, Klemm J, Samuelsson B, Radmark O: 5-lipoxygenase is phosphorylated by p38 kinase-dependent MAPKAP kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 5261-5266. 10.1073/pnas.050588997.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klegeris A, McGeer PL: Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors protect against mononuclear phagocyte neurotoxicity. Neurobiol Aging. 2003, 23: 787-794. 10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00021-0.
Article
Google Scholar
Bigby TD: The yin and the yang of 5-lipoxygenase pathway activation. Mol Pharmacol. 2002, 62: 200-202. 10.1124/mol.62.2.200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang X, Ellison JA, Siren AL, Lysko PG, Yue TL, Barone FC, Shatzman A, Feuerstein GZ: Prolonged expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 in ischemic cortex after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rat. J Neurochem. 1998, 71: 1194-1204.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cole KE, Strick CA, Paradis TJ, Ogborne KT, Loetscher M, Gladue RP, Lin W, Boyd JG, Moser B, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Neote K: Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC): a novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3. J Exp Med. 1998, 187: 2009-2021. 10.1084/jem.187.12.2009.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sorensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Pierce V, Lucchinetti C, Folcik VA, Qin S, Rottman J, Sellebjerg F, Strieter RM, Frederiksen JL, Ransohoff RM: Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 807-815. 10.1172/JCI5150.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Flynn G, Maru S, Loughlin J, Romero IA, Male D: Regulation of chemokine receptor expression in human microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 2003, 136: 84-93. 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00009-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schroeter M, Jander S, Witte OW, Stoll G: Local immune responses in the rat cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neuroimmunol. 1994, 55: 195-203. 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90010-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loetscher M, Gerber B, Loetscher P, Jones SA, Piali L, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B: Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1996, 184: 963-969. 10.1084/jem.184.3.963.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cartier L, Hartley O, Dubois-Dauphin M, Krause KH: Chemokine receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev. 2005, 48: 16-42. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.021.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borlongan CV, Yamamoto M, Takei N, Kumazaki M, Ungsuparkorn C, Hida H, Sanberg PR, Nishino H: Glial cell survival is enhanced during melatonin-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. FASEB J. 2000, 14: 1307-1317. 10.1096/fj.14.10.1307.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tanaka J, Toku K, Zhang B, Ishihara K, Sakanaka M, Maeda N: Astrocytes prevent neuronal death induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Glia. 1999, 28: 85-96. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199911)28:2<85::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-Y.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kraus RL, Pasieczny R, Lariosa-Willingham K, Turner MS, Jiang A, Trauger JW: Antioxidant properties of minocycline: neuroprotection in an oxidative stress assay and direct radical-scavenging activity. J Neurochem. 2005, 94: 819-827. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03219.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yenari MA, Xu L, Tang XN, Qiao Y, Giffard RG: Microglia potentiate damage to blood-brain barrier constituents: improvement by minocycline in vivo and in vitro. Stroke. 2006, 37: 1087-1093. 10.1161/01.STR.0000206281.77178.ac.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gordon PH, Moore DH, Miller RG, Florence JM, Verheijde JL, Doorish C, Hilton JF, Spitalny GM, MacArthur RB, Mitsumoto H, Neville HE, Boylan K, Mozaffar T, Belsh JM, Ravits J, Bedlack RS, Graves MC, McCluskey LF, Barohn RJ, Tandan R;, Western ALS Study Group: Efficacy of minocycline in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a phase III randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007, 6: 1045-1053. 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70270-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Malagelada C, Xifro X, Badiola N, Sabrià J, Rodríguez-Álvarez J: Histamine H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine protects against neural death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Stroke. 2004, 35: 2396-2401. 10.1161/01.STR.0000141160.66818.24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Kobayashi K, Yano A, Muraoka K, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Hamada H, Date I: Neuroprotective effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2004, 19: 1494-1504. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03254.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borlongan CV, Tajima Y, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Paul R, Sanberg PR: Transplantation of cryopreserved human embryonal carcinoma-derived neurons (NT2N cells) promotes functional recovery in ischemic rats. Exp Neurol. 1998, 149: 310-321. 10.1006/exnr.1997.6730.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Tsuji M, Nishimura MC, Davis RL, Bartkowski H: Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion: evaluation of the model and development of a neurologic examination. Stroke. 1986, 17: 472-476.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV, Othberg AI, Saporta S, Freeman TB, Cameron DF: Testis-derived Sertoli cells have a trophic effect on dopamine neurons and alleviate hemiparkinsonism in rats. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 1129-1132. 10.1038/nm1097-1129.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Germano SM, Nishimura MC, Davis RL, Bartkowski HM: Evaluation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke. 1986, 17: 1304-1308.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walder CE, Green SP, Darbonne WC, Mathias J, Rae J, Dinauer MC, Curnutte JT, Thoma GR: Ischemic stroke injury is reduced in mice lacking a functional NADPH oxidase. Stroke. 1997, 28: 2252-2258.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Chang CF, Morales M, Chiang YH, Hoffer J: Protective effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in ischemic brain injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002, 962: 423-437. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04086.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abercrombie M, Johnson ML: Quantitative histology of Wallerian degeneration I. Nuclear population in rabbit sciatic nerve. J Anat. 1946, 80: 37-50.
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Matsukawa N, Tooyama I, Kimura H, Yamamoto T, Tsugu Y, Oomura Y, Ojika K: Increased expression of hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide-related components and their messenger RNAs in the hippocampus of aged senescence-accelerated mice. Neuroscience. 1999, 88: 79-92. 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00215-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paxinos GW, Watson C: The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 1986, San Diego: Academic Press
Google Scholar