Black M, Wang W, Wang W. Ischemic stroke: From next generation sequencing and GWAS to community genomics? OMICS. 2015;19:451–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, Alberts MJ, Chaturvedi S, Feldmann E, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2009;40:2276–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:2160–236.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baron JC, Yamauchi H, Fujioka M, Endres M. Selective neuronal loss in ischemic stroke and cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:2–18.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ejaz S, Williamson DJ, Ahmed T, Sitnikov S, Hong YT, Sawiak SJ, et al. Characterizing infarction and selective neuronal loss following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: a multi-modality imaging study. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;51:120–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ejaz S, Emmrich JV, Sawiak SJ, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Cortical selective neuronal loss, impaired behavior, and normal magnetic resonance imaging in a new rat model of true transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 2015;46:1084–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiao M, Zhao Z, Barber PA, Foniok T, Sun S, Tuor UI. Development of a model of recurrent stroke consisting of a mild transient stroke followed by a second moderate stroke in rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;184:244–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, Dewey HM, Churilov L, Yassi N, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1009–18.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, Eesa M, Rempel JL, Thornton J, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1019–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bal S, Patel SK, Almekhlafi M, Modi J, Demchuk AM, Coutts SB. High rate of magnetic resonance imaging stroke recurrence in cryptogenic transient ischemic attack and minor stroke patients. Stroke. 2012;43:3387–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kappelle LJ, Van Latum JC, Van Swieten JC, Algra A, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: Does the distinction between small and large vessel disease remain true to type? Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:127–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Johansson E, Cuadrado-Godia E, Hayden D, Bjellerup J, Ois A, Roquer J, et al. Recurrent stroke in symptomatic carotid stenosis awaiting revascularization: a pooled analysis. Neurology. 2016;86:498–504.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coutts SB, Modi J, Patel SK, Demchuk AM, Goyal M, Hill MD. CT/CT angiography and MRI findings predict recurrent stroke after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke: results of the prospective CATCH study. Stroke. 2012;43:1013–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clark D, Tuor UI, Thompson R, Institoris A, Kulynych A, Zhang X, et al. Protection against recurrent stroke with resveratrol: endothelial protection. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e47792.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Garcia JH, Liu KF, Ye ZR, Gutierrez JA. Incomplete infarct and delayed neuronal death after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke. 1997;28:2303–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiao M, Meng S, Foniok T, Tuor UI. Mild cerebral hypoxia-ischemia produces a sub-acute transient inflammatory response that is less selective and prolonged after a substantial insult. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009;27:691–700.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ito D, Tanaka K, Suzuki S, Dembo T, Fukuuchi Y. Enhanced expression of Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain. Stroke. 2001;32:1208–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Acarin L, Vela JM, Gonzalez B, Castellano B. Demonstration of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine residues in ameboid and ramified microglial cells in rat brain by tomato lectin binding. J Histochem Cytochem. 1994;42:1033–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lin B, Ginsberg MD. Quantitative assessment of the normal cerebral microvasculature by endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunohistochemistry: application to focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2000;865:237–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iadecola C, Anrather J. The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation. Nat Med. 2011;17:796–808.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Acarin L, Gonzalez B, Castro AJ, Castellano B. Primary cortical glial reaction versus secondary thalamic glial response in the excitotoxically injured young brain: microglial/macrophage response and major histocompatibility complex class I and II expression. Neuroscience. 1999;89:549–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chamorro A, Meisel A, Planas AM, Urra X, van de Beek D, Veltkamp R. The immunology of acute stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8:401–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denes A, Thornton P, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. Inflammation and brain injury: acute cerebral ischaemia, peripheral and central inflammation. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24:708–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koch S, Della-Morte D, Dave KR, Sacco RL, Perez-Pinzon MA. Biomarkers for ischemic preconditioning: finding the responders. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:933–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Reis C, Applegate R, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: applications pre-, per- or post-stroke. Exp Neurol. 2015;272:26–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia-Bonilla L, Benakis C, Moore J, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Immune mechanisms in cerebral ischemic tolerance. Front Neurosci. 2014;8:44.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Esposito E, Hayakawa K, Maki T, Arai K, Lo EH. Effects of postconditioning on neurogenesis and angiogenesis during the recovery phase after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2015;46:2691–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanyu S, Ito U, Hakamata Y, Yoshida M. Transition from ischemic neuronal necrosis to infarction in repeated ischemia. Brain Res. 1995;686:44–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanyu S, Ito U, Hakamata Y, Nakano I. Topographical analysis of cortical neuronal loss associated with disseminated selective neuronal necrosis and infarction after repeated ischemia. Brain Res. 1997;767:154–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coutts SB, Modi J, Patel SK, Aram H, Demchuk AM, Goyal M, et al. What causes disability after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke? Results from the CT and MRI in the Triage of TIA and minor Cerebrovascular Events to Identify High Risk Patients (CATCH) Study. Stroke. 2012;43:3018–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhao L, Nowak TS Jr. CBF changes associated with focal ischemic preconditioning in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006;26:1128–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoyte LC, Papadakis M, Barber PA, Buchan AM. Improved regional cerebral blood flow is important for the protection seen in a mouse model of late phase ischemic preconditioning. Brain Res. 2006;1121:231–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35:888–901.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arsava EM, Gurer G, Gursoy-Ozdemir Y, Karatas H, Dalkara T. A new model of transient focal cerebral ischemia for inducing selective neuronal necrosis. Brain Res Bull. 2009;78:226–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hughes JL, Beech JS, Jones PS, Wang D, Menon DK, Baron JC. Mapping selective neuronal loss and microglial activation in the salvaged neocortical penumbra in the rat. Neuroimage. 2010;49:19–31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benakis C, Garcia-Bonilla L, Iadecola C, Anrather J. The role of microglia and myeloid immune cells in acute cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:461.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perego C, Fumagalli S, De Simoni MG. Temporal pattern of expression and colocalization of microglia/macrophage phenotype markers following brain ischemic injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:174.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel AR, Ritzel R, McCullough LD, Liu F. Microglia and ischemic stroke: a double-edged sword. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2013;5:73–90.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Prass K, Meisel C, Hoflich C, Braun J, Halle E, Wolf T, et al. Stroke-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation. J Exp Med. 2003;198:725–36.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dirnagl U, Klehmet J, Braun JS, Harms H, Meisel C, Ziemssen T, et al. Stroke-induced immunodepression: experimental evidence and clinical relevance. Stroke. 2007;38:770–3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Urra X, Cervera A, Villamor N, Planas AM, Chamorro A. Harms and benefits of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with acute stroke. Neuroscience. 2009;158:1174–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vogelgesang A, Grunwald U, Langner S, Jack R, Broker BM, Kessler C, et al. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets in patients with stroke and their influence on infection after stroke. Stroke. 2008;39:237–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buck BH, Liebeskind DS, Saver JL, Bang OY, Yun SW, Starkman S, et al. Early neutrophilia is associated with volume of ischemic tissue in acute stroke. Stroke. 2008;39:355–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ross AM, Hurn P, Perrin N, Wood L, Carlini W, Potempa K. Evidence of the peripheral inflammatory response in patients with transient ischemic attack. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;16:203–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ito U, Hakamata Y, Kawakami E, Oyanagi K. Temporary [corrected] cerebral ischemia results in swollen astrocytic end-feet that compress microvessels and lead to delayed [corrected] focal cortical infarction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31:328–38.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moller K, Boltze J, Posel C, Seeger J, Stahl T, Wagner DC. Sterile inflammation after permanent distal MCA occlusion in hypertensive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:307–15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Denes A, Pradillo JM, Drake C, Buggey H, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM. Surgical manipulation compromises leukocyte mobilization responses and inflammation after experimental cerebral ischemia in mice. Front Neurosci. 2014;7:271.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Price CJ, Menon DK, Peters AM, Ballinger JR, Barber RW, Balan KK, et al. Cerebral neutrophil recruitment, histology, and outcome in acute ischemic stroke: an imaging-based study. Stroke. 2004;35:1659–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krams M, Lees KR, Hacke W, Grieve AP, Orgogozo JM, Ford GA. Acute Stroke Therapy by Inhibition of Neutrophils (ASTIN): an adaptive dose-response study of UK-279,276 in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34:2543–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Allen C, Thornton P, Denes A, McColl BW, Pierozynski A, Monestier M, et al. Neutrophil cerebrovascular transmigration triggers rapid neurotoxicity through release of proteases associated with decondensed DNA. J Immunol. 2012;189:381–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Posel C, Scheibe J, Kranz A, Bothe V, Quente E, Frohlich W, et al. Bone marrow cell transplantation time-dependently abolishes efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after stroke in hypertensive rats. Stroke. 2014;45:2431–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia-Bonilla L, Moore JM, Racchumi G, Zhou P, Butler JM, Iadecola C, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in neutrophils and endothelium contributes to ischemic brain injury in mice. J Immunol. 2014;193:2531–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Enzmann G, Mysiorek C, Gorina R, Cheng YJ, Ghavampour S, Hannocks MJ, et al. The neurovascular unit as a selective barrier to polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) infiltration into the brain after ischemic injury. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;125:395–412.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ullrich N, Strecker JK, Minnerup J, Schilling M. The temporo-spatial localization of polymorphonuclear cells related to the neurovascular unit after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2014;1586:184–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gelderblom M, Leypoldt F, Steinbach K, Behrens D, Choe CU, Siler DA, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke. Stroke. 2009;40:1849–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chu HX, Kim HA, Lee S, Moore JP, Chan CT, Vinh A, et al. Immune cell infiltration in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: comparison with transient cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:450–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tohgi H, Suzuki H, Tamura K, Kimura B. Platelet volume, aggregation, and adenosine triphosphate release in cerebral thrombosis. Stroke. 1991;22:17–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
D’Erasmo E, Aliberti G, Celi FS, Romagnoli E, Vecci E, Mazzuoli GF. Platelet count, mean platelet volume and their relation to prognosis in cerebral infarction. J Intern Med. 1990;227:11–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denes A, Pradillo JM, Drake C, Sharp A, Warn P, Murray KN, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae worsens cerebral ischemia via interleukin 1 and platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha. Ann Neurol. 2014;75:670–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ross AM, Lee CS. Description and identification of the peripheral immune response trajectories over time in first-time and recurrent stroke/transient ischemic attack. J Neurosci Nurs. 2015;47(5):256–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Awadh M, MacDougall N, Santosh C, Teasdale E, Baird T, Muir KW. Early recurrent ischemic stroke complicating intravenous thrombolysis for stroke: incidence and association with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2010;41:1990–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, Eliasziw M, Demchuk AM, Buchan AM. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:961–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar