Figure 5From: Glutamate-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells is mediated via caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms involving calpain and caspase-3 proteases as well as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and this process is inhibited by equine estrogensEffect of calpain and caspase inhibitors on glutamate-induced cell death in primary cortical cells as assessed by phase contrast microscopy (20×). Primary cortical cells were isolated and treated as described under Figure 4. Normal cells are depicted by arrows and degenerated cells by arrowheads. A = untreated control cells; B = glutamate lone; C = glutamate + ALLN; D = glutamate + z-DEVD.Back to article page