Somatosensory nerve fibres arising from cell bodies within the trigeminal ganglia (TG) in the head and from a string of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) located lateral to the spinal cord convey endogenous and environmental stimuli to the central nervous system. Although several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels have been implicated in somatosensation, the expression levels of TRP channel genes in the individual sensory ganglia have never been systematically studied.
Results
Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR to analyse and compare mRNA expression of all TRP channels in TG and individual DRGs from 27 anatomically defined segments of the spinal cord of the mouse. At the mRNA level, 17 of the 28 TRP channel genes, TRPA1, TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM6, TRPM7, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPML1 and TRPP2, were detectable in every tested ganglion. Notably, four TRP channels, TRPC4, TRPM4, TRPM8 and TRPV1, showed statistically significant variation in mRNA levels between DRGs from different segments, suggesting ganglion-specific regulation of TRP channel gene expression. These ganglion-to-ganglion differences in TRP channel transcript levels may contribute to the variability in sensory responses in functional studies.
Conclusions
We developed, compared and refined techniques to quantitatively analyse the relative mRNA expression of all TRP channel genes at the single ganglion level. This study also provides for the first time a comparative mRNA distribution profile in TG and DRG along the entire vertebral column for the mammalian TRP channel family.
Somatosensation describes the ability to detect a wide range of endogenous and environmental stimuli, such as temperature, mechanical forces, chemical stimuli and pain [1]. These stimuli are conveyed by sensory nerve fibres arising from cell bodies within the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in the head and within dorsal root ganglia (DRG), located lateral to the spinal cord in the vertebral column. To understand the mechanisms of somatosensation and nociception, it is important to identify the molecules that contribute to stimulus detection and promote excitation or sensitization of the primary sensory nerve fibres. In this context, a lot of attention has been focused on the cation-permeable ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family.
Due to their distinct activation mechanisms and biophysical properties, TRP channels are highly suited to function in sensory cells, either as receptors for environmental or endogenous stimuli or as molecular players in signal transduction cascades downstream of metabotropic receptors. As such, members of the TRP superfamily are involved in a variety of sensory processes, such as thermosensation, mechanosensation, osmosensation, olfaction, taste, vision and pain perception [2, 3].
There are 28 mammalian TRP channels, which are subdivided into six subfamilies based on amino acid sequence homology: TRPA (ankyrin), TRPC (canonical), TRPM (melastatin), TRPML (mucolipin), TRPP (polycystin) and TRPV (vanilloid) [4]. To study their roles in the somatosensory system, it is important to know where and at what level they are expressed. Unfortunately, current expression studies in mammals are heterogeneous with regard to species, applied method, number of included tissues and cell types, and choice of analysed TRP channels. On the other hand, experiments in the past describing the expression profile of TRP channels in DRGs often gave diverging results [5–9]. It should be noted that there is a significant lab-to-lab or even a researcher-to-researcher variability in the segments of the vertebral column from which DRGs are isolated. Moreover, these differences are mostly not reported or taken into account [10–13]. We hypothesized that the reported discrepancy of TRP gene expression studies are, at least partly, due to variations in TRP gene expression depending on the segmental location of the DRG. We therefore set out to analyse the mRNA expression profile of all 28 mammalian TRP channels in TG and DRGs of each individual segment of the vertebral column of the mouse, thereby covering most of the sensory neurons innervating the skin, mucosa and internal organs. The obtained results form a firm basis for further studies on the relevance of TRP channels in sensory neurons in health and disease.
Results
Optimization of cDNA libraries for quantitative PCR analysis
RNA quantity and quality was assessed using the Experion Automated Electrophoresis System (BioRad) and revealed almost 2 orders of magnitude higher yield of total RNA extraction from TGs compared to that obtained from single DRGs (97.1 ± 20.1 ng/μl and 3.6 ± 0.3 ng/μl, respectively). In both cases the average quality of isolated total RNAs was relatively high reaching the RNA quality indicator (RQI) of about 8 (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Since amounts of total RNA from a single DRG of a defined segment of vertebral column were very low and in many cases expression levels of ion channel genes were rather poor, we fine-tuned the protocol for generation of cDNA libraries from all our samples. The SuperScript VILO cDNA Synthesis Kit (Life Technologies) was the most efficient in cDNA synthesis reaching from 1.5 to 4 units lower Ct values (Additional file 1: Figure S2 A). Moreover, all cDNA samples from DRGs were subjected to a preamplification step with the TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix Kit (Life Technologies) that further increased PCR detections as demonstrated by a reduction of Ct values by ~6 (Additional file 1: Figure S2 B).
mRNA profiling of TRP genes in mouse TG and DRGs
Complementary DNA samples from TG and DRGs, including (from head to tail) 7 cervical segments (C1-C7), 13 thoracic segments (T1-T13), 6 lumbar segments (L1-L6) and first sacral segments (S1) were assayed using the TaqMan assays for all 28 mouse TRP channel genes and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1) genes as endogenous controls. For each ganglion, qPCR analysis was performed on 3–4 independent biological samples (i.e. independently isolated ganglia from different mice). Pair-wise comparisons of the mRNA expression data of independently isolated and processed ganglia from the same anatomical location displayed a strong correlation, indicating that TRP channel gene expression patterns were relatively constant between samples from different mice (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Correlations between relative mRNA expression in different anatomic segments of two mice. Examples of comparison between relative mRNA expressions of all tested mouse TRP channel genes in DRGs from segment C1, T11, L3 and S1 between two mice, using the Pearson correlation analysis.
Figure 2 shows relative expression levels of the different TRP channel genes in individual ganglia from different mice pooled per every anatomic segment (see also Additional file 1: Figure S3 and Additional file 2 Table S1). A set of 11 TRP channel genes, TRPC2, TRPC6, TRPC7, TRPM1, TRPML2, TRPML3, TRPP3, TRPP5, TRPV3, TRPV5 and TRPV6, invariably showed very low (more than 200-fold lower than the level of PGK1) to undetectable levels of mRNA expression in TG and all tested DRGs. For the other 17 TRP channel genes, mRNA was consistently detected in all tested ganglia, albeit at varying expression levels. In particular, the highest expression levels (between 0.1. and 2-fold relative to PGK1) were found for TRPA1, TRPC3, TRPM7, TRPML1, TRPP2 and TRPV2 (Figure 2 and Additional file 2: Table S1). Using one-way ANOVA analysis, we compared relative mRNA expression of all 17 expressed TRP channel genes in DRGs from different segments (Figure 3). Four TRP channels, TRPC4, TRPM4, TRPV1 and TRPM8, displayed significant variations in mRNA expression between ganglia, suggesting that neurons in ganglia from different anatomical segments, innervating distinct parts of the body, might exhibit different sensory profiles and/or TRP channel patterns.
Figure 2
Expression of TRP mRNAs in each individual segment of the vertebral column. Comparison of expression levels of TRP channel genes in samples from isolated TG and DRGs (n=3 or 4). The colour code scale represents the average relative expression from all experiments. All corresponding numerical values are deposed in Additional file 2: Table S1. C1-7 – cervical segments; T1-13 – thoracic segments; L1-6 – lumbar segments; S1 – sacral segment.
Figure 3
TRPC4, TRPV1, TRPM4, and TRPM8 display ganglion-to-ganglion variation of mRNA expression in DRGs from distinct vertebral segments. To demonstrate variable mRNA expression in DRGs all over the vertebral column, ANOVA analysis was performed, using the average relative expression value per segment for every detected TRP gene. Red colour indicates TRP genes showing the most variable mRNA expression in DRGs. p: probability.
Discussion
The TRP superfamily is a functionally diverse group of cation channels with widely diverging functional properties. First, there is a striking diversity in the pore permeability of TRP channels, ranging from non-selective cation permeability to high selectivity for divalent cations [14]. Moreover, there is a daunting variety of stimuli that can regulate the gating of the TRP channels, such as physical stimuli (temperature, voltage, mechanical stress), exogenous ligands, intracellular cations and lipid components of the plasma membrane [15]. Several TRP channels, including TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM3, TRPM8 and TRPA1, are implicated in somatosensation, acting as integral molecular components of the sensory machinery involved in chemo, thermo and/or mechanosensation [16]. Based on experimental data, there was ample evidence for the expression of other TRP channels in sensory neurons, which may either operate as sensors of as yet undefined stimuli or exert other (housekeeping) functions in these cells. The present study had two main aims: (1) to provide a systematic analysis of all TRP channels in different sensory ganglia in mice; and (2) to detect possible ganglion-to-ganglion variations in TRP channel expression. Although destinations of every single DRG neuron projections in mice are still unclear, a homology to human DRG neurons might be instrumental to anticipate TRP channel functions in target organs [17]. In humans, the cervical DRGs mainly projects to dermatomes of the head, upper limbs, hands as well as the eye. The thoracic DRGs innervate dermatomes of the chest and the abdomen (T1-T5 supply the stomach, liver, gallbladder and pancreas while T10-T12 account for the kidneys). The lumbar DRGs innervate dermatomes of the inguinal regions, the anterior and inner surfaces of the lower limbs and feet, while the sacral DRGs project to the remaining posterior and outer surfaces of the lower limbs and lateral margin of the feet (L1-L3 innervate the intestines, L4-S2 are responsible for the innervations of the bladder and prostate, while S3-S5 innervate external genitalia).
We were able to confirm expression of TRP channels that have been previously proposed as sensors in TG and DGR neurons, including TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM3 and TRPM8 [9, 18–22]. Notably, we found that expression levels of TRPV1 and TRPM8 showed statistically significant variation between anatomically different ganglia. For example, TRPM8 expression was significantly lower in the DRG from thoracic segments compared to TG or other regions of the spinal cord, whereas TRPV1 showed significantly higher expression levels in L6 and S1 segments. Such variations may contribute to the variability in functional TRPM8- or TRPV1-mediated responses in neurons isolated from different segments.
Amongst the most highly expressed genes there were also a number of TRP channels for which a function in the sensory system is not yet well established (TRPC3, TRPM7, TRPML1 and TRPP2). TRPC3, together with TRPC6, has recently been proposed as a component of a mechanotransduction complex in sensory neurons [23], although there is little evidence that TRPC3 on its own can form a mechano-gated channel. TRPM7 is a ubiquitously expressed channel that has been implicated in cell proliferation, organ development and intracellular Mg2+ homeostasis, although a role in mechanosensation has been suggested in some studies [24, 25]. TRPML1 is mainly found in endosomes, and may play a housekeeping role in endosome homeostasis [26]. The function of TRPP2, a TRP channel involved in development of polycystic kidney disease [27], which was found to be the most highly expressed TRP channel gene in the majority of sensory ganglia, is fully unclear.
Expression of 11 TRP channels, TRPC2, TRPC6, TRPC7, TRPM1, TRPML2, TRPML3, TRPP3, TRPP5, TRPV3, TRPV5 and TRPV6, was generally low to undetectable, suggesting that these channels have no specific function in sensory neurons, or only in a very small subset of these cells.
Although these qPCR data provide a valuable comparison of expression at the mRNA level, it is important to remember that mRNA levels not always correlate with the relative abundance of these channels at the protein level or in their functional [28]. Consequently, high mRNA levels do not always indicate that these TRP channels are functionally important, and, vice versa, low mRNA expression levels do not exclude the possibility that these TRP channels are relevant in physiology. Thus, systematic studies using TRP subtype-selective antisera could be useful to extend future studies to the protein level that will further help to assess the role of these channels at the functional level.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we have developed, compared and refined techniques to quantitatively analyse the relative mRNA expression of all TRP channel genes at the single ganglion level using quantitative real-time PCR. This study also provides for the first time a comparative mRNA distribution profile in TG and DRGs along the entire vertebral column for the mammalian TRP channel family.
Methods
Animals
WT C57BL/6J male mice from 10–14 weeks of age were used for all experiments. All experiments approved by the KU Leuven Ethical Committee Laboratory Animals (ECD). Approval was granted under project number P021/2012. The authors’ laboratory has the Belgian Governmental license for small animal experiments (LA1210551).
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
After euthanasia by CO2 inhalation, TG and DRGs from each segment of the spine were individually removed, washed in ice-cold PBS, put into the RNA later Stabilization Reagent (Qiagen), immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at −80°C until final processing. Total RNA from TG was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen), following manufacturer’s protocol (for all kits in this study only originally supplied components and protocols were used). RNA concentration and quality was assessed using the Experion RNA StdSens Analysis Kit (Bio-Rad), samples with RQI values below 6 were discarded (Additional file 1: Figure S1) [29]. The total RNA from TG (500 ng) subsequently served for cDNA synthesis using Ready-To-Go You-Prime First-Strand Beads (GE Healthcare). The total RNA from DRGs (10 ng) was extracted using the RNeasy Plus Micro Kit (Qiagen). RNA concentration and quality was assessed using the Experion RNA HighSens Analysis Kit (Bio-Rad), samples with RQI values below 6 were discarded (Additional file 1: Figure S1). The RNA subsequently served for cDNA synthesis using the SuperScript VILO cDNA Synthesis Kit (Life Technologies). Generated cDNAs were stored at −20°C (for the MIQE guidelines checklist see Additional file 3).
RNA preamplification
cDNA from DRGs was subjected to the TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix Kit (Life Technologies). This kit is intended for use with very small quantities of cDNA (1–250 ng) and increases the quantity of specific cDNA targets for gene expression analysis using TaqMan gene expression assays (Table 1). Preamplification uniformity was assessed using the ΔΔCt method, which involves a qPCR with both the original cDNA and the preamplified cDNA as a starting template. A ΔΔCt value close to zero indicates that there is preamplification uniformity, with limits set at ± 1.5. All target genes produced ΔΔCt values within these limits (Additional file 1: Figure S2 B,C), indicating that there is no significant amplification bias.
Table 1
List of TaqMan gene expression assays (life technologies) used in the study
Gene Name
Assay ID
GenBank mRNA
Exon boundary
Assay location
Amplicon length
TRPA1
Mm00625268
AY231177.1
7 - 8
942
73
TRPC1
Mm00441975
AF191551.1
8 - 9
1546
129
TRPC2
Mm00441984
AF111107.1
15 - 16
2675
77
TRPC3
Mm00444690
AF190645.1
3 - 4
1086
129
TRPC4
Mm00444284
AF011543.1
6 - 7
1934
122
TRPC5
Mm00437183
AF029983.1
5 - 6
1755
105
TRPC6
Mm01176083
U49069.1
1 - 2
463
65
TRPC7
Mm00442606
AF139923.1
6 - 7
1678
93
TRPM1
Mm00450619
AF047714.1
6 - 7
822
90
TRPM2
Mm00663098
AB166747.1
29 - 30
4265
107
TRPM3
Mm00616485
AK051867.1
21 - 22
3135
75
TRPM4
Mm00613173
AJ575814.1
9 - 10
1204
78
TRPM5
Mm00498453
AB039952.1
18 - 19
2787
73
TRPM6
Mm00463112
AK080899.1
13 - 14
1520
125
TRPM7
Mm00457998
AY032951.1
13 - 14
1752
125
TRPM8
Mm00454566
AF481480.2
24 - 25
3389
89
TRPML1
Mm00522550
BC005651.1
2 - 3
316
64
TRPML2
Mm00509841
AF503575.1
1 - 2
163
68
TRPML3
Mm00460328
AF475086.1
8 - 9
1095
82
TRPP2
Mm00435829
AF014010.1
1 - 2
673
84
TRPP3
Mm00619572
AF271381.1
4 - 5
870
74
TRPP5
Mm00450423
AF182033.1
6 - 7
1022
96
TRPV1
Mm01246302
AJ620495.1
9 - 10
1593
68
TRPV2
Mm00449223
AB021665.1
3 - 4
643
95
TRPV3
Mm00454996
AF510316.1
1 - 2
42
57
TRPV4
Mm00499025
AJ296078.1
2 - 3
596
56
TRPV5
Mm01166037
AK085479.1
8 - 9
1214
93
TRPV6
Mm00499069
AB037373.1
1 - 2
325
63
PGK1
Mm00435617
M15668.1
5 - 6
546
137
HPRT1
Mm00446968
J00423.1
6 - 7
570
65
Quantitative real-time PCR
qPCR reactions (20 μl), composed of 2 μl cDNA template, Universal TaqMan MasterMix (2x concentrated, Life Technologies), TaqMan assay (20x concentrated, Life Technologies) and H2O, were performed with the 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Life Technologies). Reactions, ran in triplicate, were incubated at 50°C for 2 min and 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min. Non-template controls (NTCs) were used as negative controls in every experiment. PGK1 and HPRT1, selected using the geNorm application [30], were used as endogenous controls (see also Additional file 4: Table S2). Data represent relative expression of detected mRNA normalized to PGK1 mRNA, which was used as a calibrator for comparative analysis [31].
Statistical analysis
Origin software (version 8.6; OriginLab) was used for statistical analysis and data display. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparison between groups.
We thank all members of the Laboratory of Ion Channel Research for helpful discussions. This work was supported by grants from the Belgian Federal Government (IUAP P7/13), the Research Foundation-Flanders (G.0565.07 and G.0825.11), and the Research Council of the KU Leuven (GOA 2009/07 and PF-TRPLe).
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and TRPLe (TRP Research Platform Leuven), KU Leuven
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