The generation of disinhibition bursts of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia

The majority of the synapses onto dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are GABAergic and originate from spontaneously active neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and globus pallidus (GP) [1]. This tonic GABA_A–mediated inhibition [2] is opposed by tonic NMDA-mediated excitation from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) [3], suggesting that dopaminergic neurons may be in a high conductance state [4]. Thus, in vivo we expect SNpc activity to depend on the neuron’s intrinsic pacemaking currents acting in tandem with tonic NMDA and GABA_A-mediated synaptic currents.

We first investigated the high conductance state in a coupled-oscillator model of the SNpc dopaminergic neuron [5]. This neuron model is capable of producing bursts through phasic activation of NMDA receptors, but strong excitation can prevent firing due to inactivation block. However, by adding GABA_A receptors (E_GABA = -60 mV), we found that in the high conductance state the model is capable of firing single spikes. This was parametrically explored using a range of constant NMDA and GABA_A conductances.

The likelihood of strong GABAergic tone in vivo raises the possibility that phasic disinhibition may be an alternative mechanism to phasic excitation for triggering reward-related bursts of action potentials [6]. To investigate the possible dynamics of disinhibition and how it may cause bursting, we used a modified version of an integrate-and-fire based model of the basal ganglia [7]. A SNpc nucleus receiving afferent inputs from the striatum, GP, STN, and SNpr were added to the network model. We captured the spike input to a random SNpc dopaminergic neuron in the network model and used these spike trains to generate synaptic input to the conductance-based coupled oscillator model of the dopaminergic neuron. Phasic activation of the D1-expressing medium spiny neurons in the striatum (D1STR) produced disinhibition bursts in dopaminergic neurons through the direct pathway (D1STR to SNpr to SNpc).

It has previously been shown that direct pathway medium spiny neurons have collaterals that terminate in the GP [8]. This connection was added to the network model (D1STR to GP). We found that striatal activation of the indirect pathway (D1STR-GP-STN-SNpr) through this connection increased the disinhibition burst frequency.

These studies suggest that striatal activation is a robust means by which disinhibition bursts can be generated by SNpc dopaminergic neurons, and that the indirect pathway may enhance disinhibition bursting.