Methods
In the present study, we investigated the neural origin of the frequency selectivity in VOR motor learning by using a realistic mathematical model of the VOR in which cerebellar cortical neuronal circuitry is explicitly composed by spiking neuron models of granule, Golgi, basket/stellate, and Purkinje cells. The parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic plasticity (both LTD [6] and LTP [7]) induced by climbing fiber input is implemented in the model. The model was constructed by revising our previous model [8] to be more physiologically plausible.