Fig. 5

Postbiotic treatment increases mitochondrial LONP1 activity. A Representative zymography of the mitochondrial fraction of the brain of wild type (Wt), control (APP/PS1^TG), trained (APP/PS1^TG-Ex), postbiotic-supplemented (APP/PS1^TG-Pt) and combined (trained and postbiotic-supplemented) (APP/PS1^TG-Ex-Pt) mice. The major gelatinase activity was found at ∼ 100 kDa. Bands from the groups were from two separate gels developed at the same time and under same conditions using the same standards and molecular weight markers to ensure quality control. Three elements of the groups were excised and separated by blank space. B Semi-quantitative optical density analysis of proteolytic activity for the band at 100 kDa. Data were normalized to undigested area of protein load near the 100 kDa band in each individual sample. Zymography results show means ± SEM (n = 5–6). *P < 0.05 compared with groups APP/PS1, determined by analysis of variance with Two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. C Gelatinase activity of the postbiotic-supplemented sample (APP/PS1^TG-Pt) was further characterised. The activity was dependent on both ATP and Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ion chelators, suggesting ATP-dependent metalloproteinase activity. The specific LONP1 inhibitor, CDDO, inhibited almost all activities. Two elements of the groups were excised and separated by white space