Table 12 Correlation of QSM findings in the spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases for the introduction of pathological biomarkers
Type of cognitive disorder | The brain structure that is prone to changing QSM values | Description |
|---|---|---|
Alzheimer's Disease | Putamen nucleus | It is an appropriate biomarker for diagnosing AD in its early stages |
Degree of Cognitive Impairment | Caudate nucleus | Assessing the degree of cognitive impairment in AD and MCI (positive correlation) |
Parkinson's Disease | Red nucleus, Substantia nigra, and Globus Pallidus nuclei | These nuclei QSM values can be used to diagnose and stage patients with Parkinson's disease |
Degree of Clinical severity in Parkinson's Disease | Red nucleus,Subtania nigra, Globus Pallidus, and Hippocampus | These nuclei QSM values can be used to diagnose and stage patients with Parkinson's disease |
Parkinson's disease dementia patients vs. non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease | Bilateral Hippocampus | Higher iron deposition in Parkinson's disease dementia patient's bilateral hippocampus |
Atypical Parkinsonisms | Globus Pallidus | These nuclei QSM values can be used for early diagnosis and differentiation between APPs |
Patients with progressive supranuclear palsy | Globus Pallidus | Patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have higher magnetic susceptibility values in caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and red nuclei compared to PD patients and control |
Degree of Clinical severity in PSP | Red nucleus | QSM values can be used to diagnose and stage PSP patients |
Huntington's Disease | Striatum | One of the most acute symptoms of Huntington's disease is an increase in iron depositions in the striatum, which causes free radicals and damage to neurons |
Wilson disease | Basal Ganglia and Brainstem | The QSM technique shows increased susceptibility in the basal ganglia and brainstem of patients with Wilson disease |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) | Motor Cortex | abnormally high levels of iron in the motor cortex cause oxidative stress and the death of nerve cells |
Friedreich ataxia (FA) | Cerebellar | A reduction in the size of the cerebellar |
Major Depression | Habhabenular | One of the most acute symptoms of Major Depression is an increase in iron depositions in the habhabenular |