Fig. 5
From: Metformin attenuates LPS-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairments by blocking NF-κB pathway
Metformin alleviates LPS-induced cognitive impairments and improves synaptic plasticity. A Experimental design sketch. B The open field showed no difference in the total distance covered. C, D Novel object recognition test (NOR) showed the measured recognition index of the new object in 2 h (B) and 24 h (D). E, F Fear conditioning test showed the freezing time for 2 h (E) and 24 h (F). Morris water maze (MWM) result showed that latency to find the hidden platform (G). On the day 6, we removed the platform to test the spatial memory, the time in the target quadrant (H), and the number of target platform crossing were evaluated (I). n = 10. J, K CA3-CA1 fEPSP mean slope recorded from the CA1 dendritic region in hippocampal slices, n = 3. K–M Hippocampal tissues were homogenized, and synaptic protein levels were detected by immunoblotting (L). Pre-synaptic proteins SYN (M) and postsynaptic proteins NR2B (N) were analyzed. n = 3. p value significance is calculated from a one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA tests, all data represent mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01vs LPS group