Fig. 7

Potential mechanisms for our observations including references to other studies. Species measured in our study are marked in yellow. Propofol and isoflurane are known to inhibit Complex I and II of the ETC, respectively. Our data suggest that animals anesthetized with isoflurane, inflammation leads to increased expression of HIF-1α, HO-1, and iNOS, as well as an increase in Hsp90 mRNA and increased oxidative stress (the latter of which promotes through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway). Isoflurane also causes an increase in lactate production as well as inhibition of Complex IV based on NIRS analysis. Our data also suggest that animals anesthetized with Propofol express no detectable HIF-1α, and in the setting of inflammation experience an increase in NF-κβ inhibitor, which prevents transcription of basal HIF-1α, as well as no detectable increase in oxidative stress