Organism (method) | NP type | Size (nm) | Concentration | Coating | Functional group | Explantations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rat (Intratracheal instillation) | Fe3O4 | <50 | 1 and 5 mg kg−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Reduction of body weight [68] |
Rat (Oral) | Fe2O3 | 30 | 30, 300, and 1000 mg kg−1 day−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Significant inhibition of Na+–K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ATPases in brain, reduction of body weight in high dose, and reduced activity of acetyl choline esterase in the brain in high dose [64] |
Rat (Intranasal) | Fe2O3 | 36 | 20 µg µL−1 | APTS | Amine | Significant increased oxidative stress and delay in removing of NPs from stratum and hippocampus [55] |
Rat (Intravascular injection) | Fe2O3 | 10 | 50 mg kg−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Significantly decreased dopamine in striatum and dopaminergic neurons damage [39] |
Rat# (Injection into stratum) | Fe3O4 | 6.5 ± 3.0 | 3 µg NP 2 µL−1 in a CSF | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Increased body weight and reduction of oxidative stress in stratum [60] |
Mouse (Intravascular injection) | Fe3O4 | 5 | 0.4, 2, and 10 µg kg−1 | PEG | Hydroxyl | Induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage in heart [69] |
Drosophila (Exposure) | Fe3O4 | 20 | 200 μg mL−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Significant reduced ROS levels, enhanced climbing ability, and increased longevity in six-week-old flies [40] |
Green algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) (Exposure) | Fe2O3 | 33.3* | 1–100 mg L−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Inhibition of growth by coated and uncoated NPs after 72 h [70] |
50.4* | 1–100 mg L−1 | dimercaptosuccinic acid | Thiol and Carboxyl | |||
Duckweed (Lemna minor) (Exposure) | Fe2O3 | 33.3* | 1–100 mg L−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Unaffected by NPs in this range of doses [70] |
50.4* | 1–100 mg L−1 | dimercaptosuccinic acid | Thiol and Carboxyl | |||
Water fleas (Daphnia magna) (Exposure) | Fe2O3 | 33.3* | 10–100 mg L−1 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Significant toxicity, the ingestion and accumulation of coated and uncoated IONPs in the gastrointestinal tract [70] |
50.4* | 1–100 mg L−1 | Dimercaptosuccinic acid | Thiol and Carboxyl |