Table 1 The in vitro effects of IONPs
Cell type | NP type | Size (nm) | Concentration (μg mL−1) | Coating | Functional group | Explantations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Murine macrophage cell line (J774) | Fe2O3 | 30 | 25–500 | Tween 80 | Hydroxyl | Dose- and time-dependent reduction of viability, cell membrane damage, and induction of apoptosis by ROS [17] |
Chick cortical neurons | Fe3O4 | ∼10 | 2655, 5310 | Aminosilane | Amine | PEA, compared with others coatings, strongly declined metabolic activity and cell viability and destroyed cell membrane [45]. |
Dextran | Hydroxyl | |||||
PEA | Amine | |||||
Porcine aortic endothelial cells | Fe3O4 | 5 or 30 | 500 | None (Bare) | Hydroxyl | Significant increasing of cell elongation and cell death were seen by bare NPs. Bare 30-NPs incited ROS formation; but coated 30-NPs and bare 5-NPs didn’t induce significant ROS formation. [50]. |
Dextran | Hydroxyl | |||||
PEG | Hydroxyl | |||||
Human dermal fibroblast | Fe3O4 | 10 | 0–1000 | None (Bare) | Hydroxyl | Coating of NPs by TEOS-APTMS and APTMS intensified toxicity and led to a dose-dependent decreased viability, membrane damage, and declined the stability of DNA [46]. |
100–150 | 0–1000 | SiO2 and TEOS | Hydroxyl | |||
100–150 | 0–1000 | SiO2, TEOS, and APTMS | Amine | |||
10 | 0–1000 | APTMS | Amine | |||
Human fibrosarcoma cells | Fe3O4 | 10 | 0–800 | None (Bare) | Hydroxyl | Membrane damage and decreased the stability of DNA [46] |
Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) | Fe2O3 | ∼36 | 25–200 | APTS | Amine | Increased ROS, reduced GSH, and induced apoptosis [55] |
Human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | Fe3O4 | ∼11 | 50–200 | None (Bare) | Hydroxyl | Dose-dependent reduction of viability [66] |
Human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) | Fe2O3 | ∼10 | 2.5–10 | None (Bare) | Hydroxyl | Decreased dopamine levels, induction of oxidative stress, and reducing of cell proliferation [39] |
∼30 | 2.5–10 | Oleic acid and PEG | Carboxyl | |||
Rat brain microvessel endothelial cells | Fe2O3 | ∼10 | 1, 10, and100 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Significant increase in ROS level by 10 nm-NPs. Damage to the membrane by both NPs [39]. |
∼30 | 1–100 | Oleic acid and PEG | Carboxyl | |||
Human hepatocyte carcinoma cell line (Hep G-2) | Hollow sphere Fe2O3 | 200 | 25–200 | Carbon particles | Hydroxyl and carbonyl | Dose-dependent diminished viability [56] |
Mouse Fibroblastic Cell Line (L929) | Fe3O4 | 20 | 100 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Decreased toxicity of H2O2 [40] |
Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) | Fe3O4 | 20 | 100 | None (bare) | Hydroxyl | Decreased toxicity of MPP+ [40] |
Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line (Skov-3) | Fe3O4 | 9.2 | 120–240 | PEG, PEI and Folic acid | Carboxyl and hydroxyl | Non-tixic [52] |
Human blood cells | Fe3O4 | <20 | 10–1000 | Oleylamine | Amine | Increased oxidative stress, dose-dependent DNA damage [67] |
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) | Fe3O4 | 15–20 | 0.032 and 0.065 | Oleate | Carboxyl | Dose and time dependent reduced viability [51] |
Mouse embryonic neural stem cells | Fe2O3 | ∼100a | 20–200 | bare | Hydroxyl | Severe diminished GSH, declined ROS, increased mitochondrial potential, long-term depolarization of cell membrane, and DNA damage [58] |
∼100a | 20–200 | d-mannose | Hydroxyl | |||
100–150a | 20–200 | poly-l-lysine | Amine |