From: The problem of pseudoreplication in neuroscientific studies: is it affecting your analysis?
Situation | Example | Solutions |
---|---|---|
Repeated measures | Growth curve | 1. Include subject as a random effect |
 |  | 2. Repeated measures ANOVA |
 |  | 3. Summary-measure analysis |
Hierarchical/nested | Multiple brain sections | 1. Include random effects |
 | Multiple coverslips/wells | 2. Average over observations |
 | Litter effects |  |
Correlated in time | Time of day testing occurs | 1. Include time as covariate |
 | Circadian effects | 2. Include sample number as a covariate |
Correlated in space | Multiple incubators | 1. Include random effects |
 | Cage effects | 2. Average over observations |