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Table 1 Neuropsychological follow-up data (N = 36)

From: Practice effects in healthy adults: A longitudinal study on frequent repetitive cognitive testing

      

ANOVA for repeated measures

      
 

Baseline

Week 2-3

Week 6

Week 9

Month 3

   

Month 6

Month 12

  

Test parameter

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

F 4.32 §

p 1

d

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

F 2.34

p 2

ATTENTION

            

0.69 ‡

      

TAP Visual Scanning - critical trials

2401.0

604.8

2041.4

550.1

1908.2

519.9

1782.3

519.4

1712.0

550.1

14.64

<.001

1.19

1782.3

555.8

1728.8

548.6

2.57

.09

Trail Making Test - part A

29.3

10.7

24.9

9.0

24.5

8.9

22.8

8.6

23.3

12.0

4.43

. 006

0.53

22.8

8.2

23.4

7.0

0.44

.65

RBANS Coding

51.6

9.6

56.0

10.6

52.2

9.0

54.5

9.7

55.1

10.0

9.74

<.001

0.36

54.8

10.3

54.9

8.8

0.05

.95

TAP Alertness - with cue sound

265.8

44.8

262.8

60.3

261.9

54.8

258.8

65.9

248.9

64.8

2.39

.07

-

254.4

46.7

264.0

70.3

1.89

.17

RBANS Digit Span

10.8

2.1

10.3

1.8

10.9

1.9

10.8

2.4

10.7

2.0

1.00

.42

-

11.1

2.2

11.3

1.9

2.27

.12

LEARNING AND MEMORY

            

0.67 ‡

      

RBANS Figure Recall

16.6

2.9

-

-

18.4

2.1

-

-

18.4

1.8

11.65

<.001

0.75

18.8

1.3

18.6

1.6

0.57

.57

RBANS List Recall

7.1

2.2

-

-

7.9

2.0

-

-

8.4

1.6

13.28

<.001

0.68

8.9

1.4

8.4

1.7

2.33

.11

RBANS List Learning

31.3

3.6

-

-

32.7

4.5

-

-

33.8

3.7

9.05

. 001

0.68

34.8

3.6

33.7

3.7

2.05

.14

RBANS Story Memory

18.1

4.1

-

-

18.3

3.5

-

-

20.5

2.8

16.74

<.001

0.68

19.8

3.3

19.9

3.7

1.56

.22

RBANS Story Recall

9.6

1.9

-

-

9.2

1.7

-

-

10.5

1.4

15.79

<.001

0.54

9.9

1.9

10.4

1.6

2.50

.10

RBANS List Recognition

19.8

0.5

-

-

19.7

0.6

-

-

19.7

0.8

0.54

.59

-

19.7

0.6

19.7

0.7

0.07

.93

EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

            

0.50 ‡

      

Trail Making Test - part B

70.1

28.5

61.4

29.9

59.7

29.1

52.5

19.5

50.6

22.9

11.68

<.001

0.75

54.8

26.9

53.7

23.7

0.88

.42

WCST-64 - perseverative errors

9.2

4.8

-

-

7.4

5.0

-

-

6.6

4.2

6.00

. 006

0.58

6.3

4.8

7.2

5.3

0.59

.56

TAP Flexibility

858.9

320.8

783.6

351.8

750.3

325.8

698.0

332.9

697.9

329.9

7.46

<.001

0.49

685.7

345.7

682.0

305.6

0.32

.73

WMS-III Letter Number Sequencing

11.4

2.5

12.3

2.3

12.2

2.3

12.6

2.8

12.7

3.0

6.30

. 001

0.47

12.9

2.7

12.9

2.9

0.19

.83

RWT phonemic verbal fluency

53.6

14.0

60.0

18.0

60.3

16.6

62.8

15.2

56.4

16.1

10.55

<.001

0.19*

61.2

18.2

63.8

18.3

16.38

<.001

TAP Working Memory

568.3

160.4

547.7

144.7

569.6

155.7

565.6

176.5

533.0

150.4

1.55

.21

-

528.3

161.0

533.3

139.3

0.06

.94

MOTOR FUNCTIONS

            

0.56 ‡

      

9-Hole Peg Test - dominant hand

18.1

2.5

17.4

2.1

16.8

2.4

16.7

2.2

16.5

2.4

7.11

<.001

0.65

16.4

2.3

16.2

2.0

1.29

.29

Purdue Pegboard Test - assembly

32.4

8.2

33.6

8.5

34.1

8.0

35.0

8.4

36.7

8.3

8.82

<.001

0.52

35.8

9.2

35.5

9.4

1.70

.20

MacQuarrie Tapping

39.2

7.5

41.4

7.0

41.5

7.8

43.0

8.2

43.1

7.7

13.08

<.001

0.51

42.5

8.2

42.3

7.7

1.93

.16

MacQuarrie Dotting

66.3

12.4

70.0

12.1

69.8

12.3

70.1

11.1

71.2

10.3

2.21

.09

-

71.2

12.0

69.5

12.7

1.86

.17

LANGUAGE

            

0.00 ‡

      

RBANS Picture Naming

10.0

0.0

-

-

9.7

0.5

-

-

10.0

0.2

7.76

. 002

0.00*

9.8

0.4

10.0

0.0

4.86

. 01

RBANS Semantic Fluency

23.2

5.2

-

-

25.0

4.8

-

-

24.4

4.5

2.41

.11

-

25.0

5.2

23.5

5.4

1.62

.21

VISUOSPATIAL FUNCTIONS

            

-‡

      

RBANS Lines

18.1

2.8

-

-

18.5

2.0

-

-

18.7

1.5

1.00

.38

-

18.6

1.4

19.0

1.8

1.23

.30

RBANS Figure Copy

19.9

0.4

-

-

19.9

0.4

-

-

19.9

0.2

0.50

.61

-

19.9

0.4

19.8

0.4

1.33

.28

  1. Significant ANOVA (analysis of variance) time effects bolded. §In case of only 3 testings until month 3, df = 2.34. p 1 displays significance from baseline to month 3; p 2 denotes significance from month 3 to month 12. Cohen's d = (μmonth 3 - μbaseline)/σpooled with d = 0.20-0.49 denoting small, d = 0.50-0.79 moderate, and d ≥ 0.80 large effect sizes. *indicates d < 0.20, i.e. "no effect". Effect sizes presented only if respective differences over time are significant (p < 0.01). ‡Cohen's d for cognitive domains expressed as mean of single-test effect sizes of the respective cognitive domain.
  2. TAP, Test for Attentional Performance; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; WCST-64, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - 64 Card Version; WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale - 3rd edition; RWT, Regensburger Wortflüssigkeitstest.
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BMC Neuroscience

ISSN: 1471-2202

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