Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author & year | Country of study | Population | Intervention | Control | Time to mobilisation after SCI (days) | Outcome measure | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal | Gender | Sample size | Type of injury | Injury level | Type | Duration* (minutes) | Frequency (per week) | Intensity (metres/min) | Duration of intervention period (to assessment) | Physiological | Functional | ||||
Asano 2022 | Japan | Rat (W) | F | I = 6, C = 7 | Transection | T10 | Walking (wire mesh) | 10 | 5 | NR | 3 weeks | No training | 2 | Microglial | BBB |
Brown 2011 (a) (b) | USA | Rat (SD) | M | a) I = 6, C = 6 b) I = 6, C = 6 | Contusion | T12 | Exercise ball | NR | 7 | NR | 2 weeks | No training | a) 1 b) 8 | x | BBB |
Cote 2011 | USA | Rat (SD) | F | I = 22, C = 8 | Transection | T12 | Treadmill | 15 | 5 | NR | 4 weeks | No training | 5 | BDNF | x |
Davaa 2021 | Korea | Rat (SD) | F | I = 14, C = 13 | Contusion | T9 | Treadmill | 15 (× 2 day) | 5 | 5–12 | 4 weeks | No training | 7 | x | BBB, Ladder |
Han 2014 | China | Rat (SD) | M | I = 18, C = 18 | NR | T8-9 | Rehabilitation training | 30 | 3 | NR | 3 weeks | No training | 3 | x | BBB |
Ilha 2011 | Brazil | Rat (W) | M | I = 10, C = 10 | Transection | T8-9 | Treadmill (BWS) | 20–30 | 5 | 6–7 | 4 weeks | No training | 6 | x | BBB |
Li 2013 (a) (b) (c) | China | Rat (W) | M | a) I = 6, C = 6 b) I = 6, C = 6 c) I = 6, C = 6 | Contusion | T10-11 | Treadmill (BWS) | 20 | 5 | 4.5 | 4 weeks | No training | a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 | x | BBB |
Loy 2018 | Germany | Mice | F | I = 13, C = 13 | Hemisection | T8 | Exercise wheel | NR | NR | NR | 4 weeks | No training | 2 | x | Ladder |
Macias 2009 | Poland | Rat (W) | M | I = 6, C = 6 | Transection | T9-10 | Treadmill | 4 (× 4–6 day) | 5 | 3 | 4 weeks | No training | 7 | BDNF | x |
Marques 2018 (a) (b) | Brazil | Rat (W) | M | a) I = 13, C = 38 b) I = 14, C = 38 | Contusion | T10 | Treadmill | 20 | 5 | 6 | 4 weeks | No training | a) 7 b) 14 | BDNF | BBB, Ladder |
Miranda 2012 | Brazil | Rat (W) | M | I = 29, C = 11 | Contusion | T9-10 | Walking (runway) | 12 | 2 | NR | 4 weeks | No training | 3 | x | BBB |
Multon 2003 | Belgium | Rat (W) | F | I = 7, C = 6 | Compression | T9 | Treadmill | 10 (× 3 day) | 5 | 3.5 | 4 weeks | No training | 2–4 | x | BBB |
Oh 2009 | Korea | Rat (SD) | M | I = 7, C = 7 | Contusion | T9-10 | Treadmill (BWS) | 30 | 5 | 8 | 4 weeks | No training | 7 | x | BBB, Ladder |
Sandrow-Feinberg 2009 | USA | Rat (SD) | F | I = 8, C = 6 | Contusion | C4 | Exercise wheel | 20 | 5 | 3.5–14 | 4 weeks | No training | 5 | BDNF | BBB, Ladder |
Wang 2015 | USA | Rat (SD) | F | I = 12, C = 12 | Contusion | T9 | Treadmill | 15 (× 2 day) | 5 | 5–12 | 4 weeks | No training | 7 | BDNF | BBB |
Zhan 2023 (a) (b) (c) | China | Mice | F | a) I = 5, C = 15 b) I = 5, C = 15 c) I = 5, C = 15 | Crush | C5 | Treadmill | 30 | 5 | Starting 9, progressed to: a) ‘low’ b) ‘med’ c) ‘high’ (details NR) | 4 weeks | No training | 7 | BDNF | Ladder |
Zhao 2020 (a) (b) (c) | China | Rat (SD) | M | a) I = 10, C = 10 b) I = 10, C = 10 c) I = 10, C = 10 | Contusion | T10 | Treadmill (BWS) | 30 | 5 | 4.2 | 3 weeks | No training | a) 3 b) 7 c) 14 | x | BBB |