Cytokine levels reflect tic symptoms more prominently during mild phases

BMC Neuroscience

Table 4 One-way analysis of variance comparing the cytokine levels of the mild and above moderate tic patients and those of the controls

Cytokine	Group	mean	SD	F-value	p value
Pro-inflammatory
GM-CSF	Mild tics	0.04	0.10	2.12	0.128
	Above moderate tics	0.19	0.55
	Controls	0.01	0.05
IFN-α2	Mild tics	2.45	2.48	0.48	0.623
	Above moderate tics	5.05	8.53
	Controls	6.57	17.05
IFN-γ	Mild tics	0.64	0.69	1.98	0.147
	Above moderate tics	0.40	0.39
	Controls	0.72	0.68
IL-1β	Mild tics	2.51	1.49	3.19	0.048*
	Above moderate tics	4.15	2.90
	Controls	4.81	3.02
IL-2	Mild tics	0.20	0.10	1.16	0.322
	Above moderate tics	0.26	0.18
	Controls	0.36	0.49
IL-5	Mild tics	0.97	0.66	1.95	0.150
	Above moderate tics	1.43	1.08
	Controls	1.69	1.27
IL-6	Mild tics	0.47	0.31	2.58	0.084
	Above moderate tics	0.31	0.15
	Controls	0.38	0.15
IL-8	Mild tics	12.02	4.13	0.16	0.849
	Above moderate tics	13.02	8.00
	Controls	13.18	5.56
IL-12p40	Mild tics	12.55	5.59	0.89	0.417
	Above moderate tics	16.11	11.70
	Controls	28.21	59.35
IL-12p70	Mild tics	0.85	0.31	0.79	0.459
	Above moderate tics	0.94	0.49
	Controls	0.99	0.23
IL-17a	Mild tics	0.49	1.42	1.60	0.211
	Above moderate tics	2.31	7.67
	Controls	0.14	0.17
TNF-α	Mild tics	5.64	2.19	0.90	0.410
	Above moderate tics	8.10	12.71
	Controls	5.40	1.78
Anti-inflammatory
IL-1ra	Mild tics	271.61	196.50	0.85	0.432
	Above moderate tics	213.71	131.36
	Controls	219.95	105.13
IL-4	Mild tics	0.42	0.29	0.96	0.390
	Above moderate tics	0.38	0.19
	Controls	0.46	0.20
IL-10	Mild tics	3.34	0.96	1.85	0.165
	Above moderate tics	6.00	4.96
	Controls	6.09	5.09
IL-13	Mild tics	1.67	0.81	2.56	0.086
	Above moderate tics	8.04	10.18
	Controls	7.76	9.63

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