Mindfulness interventions for craving reduction in substance use disorders and behavioral addictions: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 2 Results of the subgroup analysis

SUBGROUPS	STUDIES	P VALUE	HETEROGENEITY (I²)
Diagnosis: OUD^g/SUD^a/People who smoke/other	4/9/2/2	0.002 / 0.41 / 0.55 / 0.96	95% / 88% / 59% / 47%
Sex ratio: More women/more men/both	3/9/5	0.19 / 0.0009/ < 0.0001	87% / 93% / 0%
Treatment settings: residential/outpatient	6/11	0.43 / 0.001	93% / 91%
Dose: < 8 weeks/ 8 weeks or more	6/11	0.74 / 0.0004	90% / 92%
MBI: MBRP^b/MBSR^d/app/MORE^e/other	5/6/1/2/3	0.006/ 0.002 / 0.07 / 0.96 / 0.44	73% / 95% / NA / 47% / 93%
Control: active/no active control	11/6	0.17 / 0.006	88% / 95%
Blinding: Double/Patient/Researcher/Open label	0/2/4/11	NA/0.05/0.80/0.0002	NA/0%/93%/92%

^aSUD: Substance Use Disorder, ^bMBRP: Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention, ^cPACS: Penn Alcohol Craving Scale, ^dMBSR: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, ^eMORE: Mindfulness Oriented Recovery Enhancement, ^fVAS: Visual Analog Scale, ^gOUD: Opioid Use Disorder, ^hHCQ: Heroin Craving Questionnaire

ISSN: 1471-2202