Table 1 Characteristics of the included trials

Bowen 2009

USA^a, 1 center [17]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, no blinding

93/75 = > 62/41

107/61 SUD^c, medically cleared after 2 weeks of treatment, outpatient settings

In patient, MBRP^d, 2 h once a week for 8 weeks (8 sessions), homework assignments (daily exercises on CD^e)

TAU^f (12 steps based), 1.5 once or twice a week, no homework, no duration matching

PACS^g, Week 8

Bevan 2010

USA^a, 1 center [21]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, researcher blind

35/40 => 35/40

42/33 SUD^c, probably sober (inpatient SUD settings)

In patient, MBSR^h (5 days Tang protocol) + TAU^f, daily practice during 5 days

TAU^f + Waitlist, no active control

ACQ-Rⁱ, Week 1

Garland 2010

recrⁱ2008, USA^a, 1 center [11]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, researcher blind

27/26 = > 18/19

42/11 AUD^j, continuous abstinence

In patient, MORE^k, 10 weeks, 1 session a week (10 sessions), homework assignments

ASG^l (matching themes) ; journaling as homework

PACS^g, Week 10

Ruscio 2016

USA^a, 1 center [52]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, participant blind

24/20 = > 18/14

22/22, people who smoke, outpatient settings

PDA^m Mindfulness meditation, 2 weeks, daily practice, pre-recorded sessions

Sham meditation

1 to 7 Likert scale, 2 weeks

Li 2017, recrⁱ2015, USA^a, 1 center [59]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, dual blinding

15/15 = > 15/14

24/5/1, IGDⁿ (subthreshold included)

In patient, MORE^k, 2 h once a week during 8 weeks : 8 sessions, fidelity check, assignments

Support group (active control condition, time matched)

VAS^o 0–10, 8 weeks

Shorey 2017, recrⁱ2012–2013, USA^a1 center [28]

RCT^b 2 parallel groups, no blinding

64/53 = > 62/47

87/30, SUD^c, residential settings, probably sober (28–30 days residential program)

In patient, Residential Mindfulness and Acceptance group therapy, 1.5 h twice a week for 4 weeks (8 sessions) + TAU^f, fidelity check, assignments

TAU^f (12 steps based, matched on treatment contact time), no structured protocol, no standard group size

PACS^g adapted (measures for alcohol and drug craving), 4 weeks

Davis 2018, recrⁱ2015–2016, USA^a1 center [49]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, researcher blind

44/35 => 42/31

51/28, SUD^c, probably abstinent (residential treatment)

In patient, MBRP^d 1.5 h twice a week for 4 weeks (8 sessions) + TAU^f, fidelity check, assignments (20–30 min per day)

Up to 8 AA^p or NA^q meetings + TAU^f (time matched), no assignments

GAIN^r, 4 weeks

Yaghubi 2018, recrⁱ2017, Iran, multicenter [60]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, no blinding

35/35 = > 35/33

Males with OUD^s, probably abstinent (MMT^t), outpatient settings

In patient, MBRP^d + MMT^t, 8 weeks, once a week (8 sessions)

MMT^t + general information (no active control, not matched)

CBQ^u, 8 weeks

Black 2019, recrⁱ2016–2018, USA^a1 center [61]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, Researcher blind

114/111 = > 90/94

Females with SUD^c, probably abstinent, residential settings

In patient, MMWR^v, 80 min twice a week for 6 weeks (12 sessions), fidelity check, assignments (mp3)

NA^q (time matched), no assignments

PACS^g modifié, 6 weeks

Foroushani 2019, Iran, multicenter [54]

RCT^b, 4 groups (2 experimental and 2 control), no blinding

15/15/15/15 => 13/12/15/15

Males with OUD^s, probably abstinent (MMT^t), outpatient settings

In patient, MBRP^d + MMT^t, 2 h once a week for 8 weeks, no data on fidelity or assignments

MMT^t + no intervention, no active control

HCQ^y (subscales), week 8 (choice of group 1 and 3)

Price 2019, USA^a, 3 centers [62]

RCT^b, 3 conditions (active control choice), no blinding

93/56 = > 74/46

Females with SUD^c, outpatient settings, probably abstinent (after intensive outpatient treatment)

In patient, MABT^w 1.5 h once a week for 8 weeks, individual (8 sessions) + TAU^f, assignments

TAU^f + WHE^x (active control, time matched), take home messages

PACS^g modified, month 3

Abed 2019, Iran, multicenter [53]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, no blinding

30/30 = > 24/29

Males with OUD^s, probably abstinent (MMT^t), outpatient settings

In patient, MBRP^d + MMT^t, 2 h once a week for 8 weeks (8 sessions), assignments

MMT^t + no intervention, no active control

HCQ^y (subscales), week 8

Weiss de Souza 2020, Brazil, 1 center [63]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, no blinding

44/42 = > 12/17

17/69; people who smoke, maintenance treatment, outpatient settings

In patient MBRP^d 1 h a week for 8 weeks + ST^z, assignments

ST^z alone, no active control

QSU⁺ 1 and 2, 8 weeks

Skrzynski 2023, USA^a, 1 center [50]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, no blinding

89/90 => 75/68

94/88; people who reported drinking > 14/21 drinks/week (for females/males, respectively), wishing to reduce or stop their consumption, outpatient settings

In patient MBRP, once a week for 8 weeks

RP, once a week for 8 weeks

AUQ⁺⁺ Baseline, mid-treatment and post-treatement

Harby 2021, Egypt, one center [64]

RCT^b, 3 parallel groups, open label

20/20/20 = > 15/15/15

Males with OUD^s, abstinent, inpatient treatment

In patient group MBRP^d, 2 h once a week for 8 weeks

CBT– group setting, 2 h once a week for 8 weeks

or 12-step program, 90 min once a week

OCDUS^&, DDQ^&&

Zhang 2022, China, one center [65]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, open label

20/20 = > 19/20

Males with Amphetamine-type stimulant use disorder

10 daily 2-hour class (abbreviated MBRP^d) + TAU^f

10-day TAU^f

VAS^o: 0 (no craving at all) to 10 (extremely intense

craving)

Massaro 2022 [66]

RCT^b, 2 parallel groups, open label

54/54 = > 42/34

92/16, SUD^c, outpatient settings, probably abstinent

In patient individual MBRP, once a week for 8 weeks + TAU

CDs for home practice

In patient individual relaxation, once a week for 8 weeks + TAU

CDs for home practice

MACS^&&&