Fig. 2

Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of roflumilast and zatolmilast in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. (A) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (B) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and (C) IL-6 levels in plasma and brain homogenates of mice administered roflumilast and zatolmilast. C57BL/6J mice were administered roflumilast or zatolmilast (10 mg/kg) orally once daily for 4 consecutive days. Then, LPS (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 h after the final drug administration. Mice were sacrificed and plasma and brain samples collected 8 h after the LPS injection. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 7–9 per group). ^###P < 0.001 versus the control group; ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 versus the LPS group