Table 1 General characteristics of participants across quartiles of GI and GL
From: Higher dietary glycemic load is inversely associated with stress prevalence among Iranian adults
Variable | GI | GL | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-valuea | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value | |
Depression, yes (%) | 578 (8.1)a | 148 (8.3) | 142 (7.9) | 130 (7.2) | 158 (8.9) | 0.326 | 158 (8.8) | 153 (8.6) | 132 (7.3) | 135 (7.6) | 0.252 |
Anxiety, yes (%) | 754 (10.5) | 186 (10.4) | 186 (10.3) | 170 (9.5) | 212 (11.9) | 0.113 | 200 (11.1) | 190 (10.7) | 183 (10.1) | 181 (10.2) | 0.710 |
Stress, yes (%) | 238 (3.3) | 58 (3.2) | 65 (3.6) | 54 (3) | 61 (3.4) | 0.776 | 68 (3.8) | 69 (3.9) | 54 (3) | 47 (2.7) | 0.106 |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
< 18.5 | 247 (3.3) | 61 (3.2) | 63 (3.3) | 75 (4) | 48 (2.5) | 0.018 | 57 (3) | 55 (2.9) | 73 (3.9) | 62 (3.3) | 0.112 |
18.5–24.9 | 2339 (30.9) | 595 (31.4) | 618 (32.6) | 586 (30.9) | 540 (28.5) | 577 (30.5) | 630 (33.3) | 577 (30.5) | 555 (29.3) | ||
> 25 | 4988 (65.9) | 1237 (65.3) | 1213 (64) | 1233 (65.1) | 1305 (68.9) | 1259 (66.5) | 1209 (63.8) | 1244 (65.7) | 1276 (67.4) | ||
Age (%) | |||||||||||
20–29 years | 1586 (21.5) | 419 (22.7) | 404 (21.8) | 404 (217) | 359 (19.6) | 0.052 | 322 (17.4) | 404 (22) | 433 (23.4) | 427 (23.2) | < 0.01 |
30–39 years | 1598 (20.8) | 383 (20.8) | 395 (21.4) | 380 (20.4) | 440 (24) | 324 (17.5) | 405 (22) | 429 (23.1) | 440 (23.9) | ||
40–49 years | 1586 (21.5) | 387 (21) | 413 (22.3) | 393 (21.1) | 393 (21.4) | 404 (21.8) | 397 (21.6) | 399 (21.5) | 386 (21) | ||
50–59 years | 1402 (19) | 377 (20.4) | 347 (18.8) | 348 (18.7) | 330 (18) | 392 (21.2) | 341 (18.5) | 323 (17.4) | 346 (18.8) | ||
60–69 years | 1215 (16.4) | 279 (15.1) | 290 (15.7) | 334 (18) | 312 (17) | 409 (22.1) | 293 (15.9) | 270 (14.6) | 243 (13.2) | ||
Physical activity (Met_min/week) | 901.1b ± 905.1 | 890.8 ± 883.1 | 894.5 ± 910.5 | 877.5 ± 875 | 942.4 ± 950.3 | 0.156 | 826.6 ± 876.7 | 896.8 ± 896.4 | 932.8 ± 903 | 949 ± 939.7 | < 0.01 |
Marriage (%) | |||||||||||
Single | 856 (11.6) | 232 (12.6) | 225 (12.2) | 206 (11.1) | 193 (10.6) | 0.019 | 178 (9.6) | 224 (12.2) | 220 (11.9) | 234 (12.8) | 0.001 |
Married | 6264 (85.1) | 1575 (85.6) | 1567 (84.8) | 1570 (85.9) | 1570 (85.9) | 1587 (86) | 1541 (84.2) | 1585 (85.6) | 1551 (84.6) | ||
Widowed or divorced | 240 (3.3) | 61 (3.3) | 40 (2.2) | 75 (4.1) | 64 (3.5) | 80 (4.3) | 65 (3.6) | 46 (2.5) | 49 (2.7) | ||
Smoking status (%) | |||||||||||
Never smoker | 6328 (87.8) | 1582 (87.6) | 1576 (87) | 1617 (89) | 1553 (87.5) | 0.496 | 1609 (88.4) | 1567 (86.9) | 1587 (87.7) | 1565 (88.3) | 0.520 |
Current smoker | 766 (10.6) | 194 (10.7) | 207 (11.4) | 177 (9.7) | 188 (10.6) | 190 (10.4) | 200 (11.1) | 192 (10.6) | 184 (10.4) | ||
Ex_smoker | 113 (1.6) | 29 (1.6) | 29 (1.6) | 22 (1.2) | 33 (1.9) | 22 (1.2) | 36 (2) | 31 (1.7) | 24 (1.4) | ||
Gender, male (%) | 3673 (49.7) | 909 (49.1) | 927 (50.2) | 917 (49.5) | 920 (50.2) | 0.877 | 831 (44.8) | 923 (50.3) | 967 (52) | 952 (51.9) | < 0.01 |
Job (%) | |||||||||||
Unemployed | 1415 (19.5) | 353 (19.6) | 325 (17.9) | 357 (19.6) | 380 (21.1) | 0.336 | 358 (19.8) | 359 (19.9) | 306 (16.8) | 392 (21.7) | < 0.01 |
Government employee | 3537 (48.8) | 898 (49.8) | 898 (49.5) | 904 (49.6) | 837 (46.5) | 960 (53.1) | 898 (49.7) | 876 (48.1) | 803 (44.4) | ||
Manual worker | 247 (3.4) | 60 (3.3) | 66 (3.6) | 56 (3.1) | 65 (3.6) | 61 (3.4) | 53 (2.9) | 67 (3.7) | 66 (3.6) | ||
Freelance job | 2046 (28.2) | 492 (27.3) | 530 (29.1) | 505 (27.7) | 519 (28.8) | 428 (23.7) | 497 (27.5) | 572 (31.4) | 549 (30.3) | ||
Education (%) | |||||||||||
Illiterate | 1776 (24.1) | 438 (23.7) | 418 (22.7) | 500 (27) | 420 (23.1) | 0.004 | 562 (30.5) | 401 (21.8) | 406 (22) | 407 (22.3) | < 0.01 |
Middle school | 2095 (28.5) | 501 (27.2) | 508 (27.6) | 514 (27.7) | 527 (31.4) | 527 (28.6) | 549 (29.9) | 494 (26.7) | 525 (28.7) | ||
Diploma | 2289 (31.1) | 611 (33.1) | 590 (32) | 553 (29.8) | 535 (29.4) | 520 (28.2) | 557 (30.3) | 629 (34) | 583 (31.9) | ||
Bachelors degree | 995 (13.5) | 253 (13.7) | 261 (14.2) | 204 (12.9) | 241 (13.2) | 201 (10.9) | 270 (14.7) | 260 (14.1) | 264 (14.4) | ||
Master and doctor | 205 (2.8) | 42 (2.3) | 65 (3.5) | 47 (2.5) | 51 (2.8) | 35 (1.9) | 62 (3.4) | 59 (3.2) | 49 (2.7) | ||
Multi-vitamins supplement (%) | |||||||||||
Never | 6407 (86.1) | 1727 (94.3) | 1715 (91.9) | 1619 (86.4) | 1346 (72.1) | > 0.01 | 1741 (94.2) | 1727 (93.7) | 1691 (90) | 1248 (66.8) | < 0.01 |
1–3/month | 482 (6.5) | 44 (2.4) | 67 (3.6) | 95 (5.1) | 276 (14.8) | 34 (1.8) | 37 (2) | 64 (3.4) | 347 (18.6) | ||
Minimal once a week | 549 (7.4) | 60 (3.3) | 85 (4.6) | 159 (8.5) | 245 (13.1) | 73 (4) | 79 (4.3) | 124 (6.6) | 273 (14.6) | ||
Diabetes, yes (%) | 912 (12) | 233 (12.3) | 209 (11) | 244 (12.9) | 226 (11.9) | 0.358 | 313 (16.5) | 229 (12.1) | 194 (10.2) | 176 (9.3) | < 0.01 |
Hypertension, yes (%) | 1135 (15) | 280 (14.8) | 280 (14.8) | 321 (16.9) | 254 (13.4) | 0.023 | 350 (18.5) | 286 (14.1) | 277 (14.6) | 240 (12.7) | < 0.01 |