Fig. 2

Astaxanthin reduced the gene transcription and protein expressions of AQP4. A AQP4 mRNA levels were significantly increased at 24 h post-CCI. Astaxanthin treatment markedly reduced its levels. n = 6 for each group. B The results of the western blot analysis showed that AQP4 protein expression was strongly induced at 24 h after CCI. Astaxanthin treatment inhibited its expression in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle treatment. n = 3 for each group. C Immunofluorescence staining showed that AQP4 expression was significantly increased in the peri-contusional area at 24 h after CCI, especially in the perivascular astrocyte endfeet (white arrows). Astaxanthin treatment (100 mg/kg) reduced its expression compared with vehicle treatment. Scale bar 10 μm. n = 3 for each group. Values are the means ± SEMs. **p < 0.01, astaxanthin-treated group versus vehicle-treated group. ^### p < 0.001, vehicle-treated group versus sham group