Fig. 4
Colour map of the vertex-wise regression coefficients of the effect on local gyrification indices of A HIV status (β3 in Eq. (2)) and B HIV status by age interactions (β4 in Eq. (2)), respectively. In A, positive regression coefficients (red/yellow) indicate greater gyrification in CPHIV compared to uninfected controls and negative coefficients (cyan/blue) less gyrification. In B, positive regression coefficients (red/yellow) indicate a greater rate of change from age 5 to 9 years in CPHIV than uninfected controls, and negative coefficients (cyan/blue) indicate a slower rate of change. The colour bar scale in each figure indicates the effect size (Cohen’s d). For HIV status and status by age interactions, respectively, effect sizes ≥ 0.30 and ≥ 3.77 are required for significance at an FDR corrected p = 0.05. (N = 141: PHIV = 75, HIV- = 66)