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Table 2 Dietary intake of study participants among the quartiles of GI & GL

From: Higher dietary glycemic load is inversely associated with stress prevalence among Iranian adults

Quartiles of GI

Quartiles of GL

Ā 

Total

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-value I

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-value

Nutrients

Ā Energy intake (kcal)

2897ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1378

2438ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1061a

2864ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1351b

3634ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1351b

2897ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1378b

<ā€‰0.001

1646ā€‰Ā±ā€‰419.3a

2199ā€‰Ā±ā€‰494.1b

3019ā€‰Ā±ā€‰744.9b

4721ā€‰Ā±ā€‰1111b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Protein (% of total daily energy)

16.16ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.04

16.82ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.04a

16.73ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.03

16.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.04b

14.86ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.04b

<ā€‰0.001

17.84ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.04a

16.59ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.03b

16.11ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.03b

14.10ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.04b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Carbohydrate (% of total daily energy)

56.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.09

53.81ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.08a

54.58ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.08

56.00ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.08b

60.09ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.21b

<ā€‰0.001

52.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.07a

55.40ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.07b

55.87ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.09b

60.67ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.10b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Fat (% of total daily energy)

33.61ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.09

32.90ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.07a

32.67ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.07

32.85ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.07

0.36ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.12b

<ā€‰0.001

33.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.06a

31.53ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.06b

33.38ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.09

36.28ā€‰Ā±ā€‰0.11b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Cholesterol (mg)

394.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰391.3

363.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰396.1a

394.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰326.6

391.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰336.4

430.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰483.4b

<ā€‰0.001

286.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰322.9a

318.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰206.4

432.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰390.9b

542ā€‰Ā±ā€‰521.8b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā SFA (g)

31.04ā€‰Ā±ā€‰18.36

27.13ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.36a

29.58ā€‰Ā±ā€‰17.43b

30.48ā€‰Ā±ā€‰17.28b

36.98ā€‰Ā±ā€‰21.39b

<ā€‰0.001

19.56ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.62a

24.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.47b

32.47ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.22b

47.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰20.82b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Vitamin E (mg/day)

11.36ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.66

11.92ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.85

11.52ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.80

10.98ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.02

11.01ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.92

0.038

7.70ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.16a

9.55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰8.93b

12.72ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.28b

15.45ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.19b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Vitamin C (mg)

210.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰188.7

196.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰169a

218.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰214.3b

219.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰169.6b

208.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰197.1

<ā€‰0.001

115.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰54.12a

166.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰92b

243.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰148.4b

317.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰292.6b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Folic acid (Āµg)

379.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰228

354.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰215.5a

361.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰217.7

370.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰216.6

432.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰251.8b

<ā€‰0.001

230.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰93.18a

300ā€‰Ā±ā€‰127.6b

410.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰193.8b

577.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰276.8b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Magnesium (mg)

339.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰179.6

309.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰155.2a

322.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰166.2

336.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰180.7b

339.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰179.6b

<ā€‰0.001

199.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰58.38a

262.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰79.31b

359ā€‰Ā±ā€‰125.2b

535.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰198.7b

<ā€‰0.001

Food groups (g/1000Ā kcal)

Ā Fruits

184.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰138.4

205.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰145.1a

202.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰141.8

192.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰130.3b

136.9ā€‰Ā±ā€‰124.1b

<ā€‰0.001

187.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰109.9a

204.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰128.1b

202.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰151.3b

184.3ā€‰Ā±ā€‰138.4b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Vegetables

96.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰77.29

112ā€‰Ā±ā€‰82.82a

104.1ā€‰Ā±ā€‰78.03b

97.77ā€‰Ā±ā€‰75.50b

72.76ā€‰Ā±ā€‰66.25b

<ā€‰0.001

119.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰81.3a

104.7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰69.75b

96.78ā€‰Ā±ā€‰81.41b

65.57ā€‰Ā±ā€‰65.10b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Red meat

20.46ā€‰Ā±ā€‰18.37

22.60ā€‰Ā±ā€‰17.77a

24.60ā€‰Ā±ā€‰21.13b

20.12ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.43b

14.51ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.16b

<ā€‰0.001

25.29ā€‰Ā±ā€‰20.43a

23.65ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.75b

20.90ā€‰Ā±ā€‰19.34b

11.99ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.15b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Fish

7ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.56

5.90ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.50a

6.70ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.80

7.48ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.42b

7.91ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.14b

<ā€‰0.001

5.85ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.99a

5.65ā€‰Ā±ā€‰10.98

7.65ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.93b

8.85ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.90b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Dairy

89.84ā€‰Ā±ā€‰60.16

106.99ā€‰Ā±ā€‰76.74a

94.95ā€‰Ā±ā€‰53.32b

89.96ā€‰Ā±ā€‰53.41b

67.47ā€‰Ā±ā€‰45.57b

<ā€‰0.001

104.2ā€‰Ā±ā€‰53.30a

95.85ā€‰Ā±ā€‰52.83b

86.20ā€‰Ā±ā€‰59.35b

73.09ā€‰Ā±ā€‰69.35b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Legumes and nuts

25.20ā€‰Ā±ā€‰19.14

29.78ā€‰Ā±ā€‰25.53a

25.64ā€‰Ā±ā€‰18.63b

24.07ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.99b

21.31ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.35b

<ā€‰0.001

27.80ā€‰Ā±ā€‰18.12a

25.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰18.01b

25.30ā€‰Ā±ā€‰20.19b

22.46ā€‰Ā±ā€‰19.80b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Whole grains

29.95ā€‰Ā±ā€‰27.33

26.68ā€‰Ā±ā€‰20.58a

32.32ā€‰Ā±ā€‰24.55b

33.81ā€‰Ā±ā€‰27.92b

27.01ā€‰Ā±ā€‰33.82

<ā€‰0.001

34.97ā€‰Ā±ā€‰24.53a

37.83ā€‰Ā±ā€‰28.35b

29.25ā€‰Ā±ā€‰28.89b

17.77ā€‰Ā±ā€‰22.65b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Refined grains

85.67ā€‰Ā±ā€‰58.18

126.70ā€‰Ā±ā€‰66.74a

93.05ā€‰Ā±ā€‰47.27b

67.95ā€‰Ā±ā€‰41.92b

55ā€‰Ā±ā€‰45.87b

<ā€‰0.001

100.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰54a

102ā€‰Ā±ā€‰49.75

82.02ā€‰Ā±ā€‰59.34b

58.11ā€‰Ā±ā€‰58.05b

<ā€‰0.001

Ā Sugars

12.63ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.64

10.21ā€‰Ā±ā€‰7.58a

11.88ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.05b

13.36ā€‰Ā±ā€‰11.61b

15.07ā€‰Ā±ā€‰15.98b

<ā€‰0.001

12.14ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.27

12.74ā€‰Ā±ā€‰9.42

12.80ā€‰Ā±ā€‰12.58

12.84ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.47

0.210

Ā Salt

2.94ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.68

3.21ā€‰Ā±ā€‰2.94a

3.22ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.45

3.14ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.89

2.21ā€‰Ā±ā€‰4.21b

<ā€‰0.001

4.24ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.83a

3.61ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.11b

2.41ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.37b

1.52ā€‰Ā±ā€‰3.73b

<ā€‰0.001

  1. GI glycemic index, GL glycemic load
  2. IObtained from one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test
  3. aFirst quartile is considered as reference quartile
  4. bSignificant difference between quartile with reference quartile (P valueā€‰<ā€‰0.05)