From: Higher dietary glycemic load is inversely associated with stress prevalence among Iranian adults
Quartiles of GI | Quartiles of GL | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ā | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value I | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
Nutrients | |||||||||||
Ā Energy intake (kcal) | 2897āĀ±ā1378 | 2438āĀ±ā1061a | 2864āĀ±ā1351b | 3634āĀ±ā1351b | 2897āĀ±ā1378b | <ā0.001 | 1646āĀ±ā419.3a | 2199āĀ±ā494.1b | 3019āĀ±ā744.9b | 4721āĀ±ā1111b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Protein (% of total daily energy) | 16.16āĀ±ā0.04 | 16.82āĀ±ā0.04a | 16.73āĀ±ā0.03 | 16.24āĀ±ā0.04b | 14.86āĀ±ā0.04b | <ā0.001 | 17.84āĀ±ā0.04a | 16.59āĀ±ā0.03b | 16.11āĀ±ā0.03b | 14.10āĀ±ā0.04b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Carbohydrate (% of total daily energy) | 56.12āĀ±ā0.09 | 53.81āĀ±ā0.08a | 54.58āĀ±ā0.08 | 56.00āĀ±ā0.08b | 60.09āĀ±ā11.21b | <ā0.001 | 52.55āĀ±ā0.07a | 55.40āĀ±ā0.07b | 55.87āĀ±ā0.09b | 60.67āĀ±ā0.10b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Fat (% of total daily energy) | 33.61āĀ±ā0.09 | 32.90āĀ±ā0.07a | 32.67āĀ±ā0.07 | 32.85āĀ±ā0.07 | 0.36āĀ±ā0.12b | <ā0.001 | 33.24āĀ±ā0.06a | 31.53āĀ±ā0.06b | 33.38āĀ±ā0.09 | 36.28āĀ±ā0.11b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Cholesterol (mg) | 394.8āĀ±ā391.3 | 363.5āĀ±ā396.1a | 394.1āĀ±ā326.6 | 391.1āĀ±ā336.4 | 430.6āĀ±ā483.4b | <ā0.001 | 286.3āĀ±ā322.9a | 318.4āĀ±ā206.4 | 432.7āĀ±ā390.9b | 542āĀ±ā521.8b | <ā0.001 |
Ā SFA (g) | 31.04āĀ±ā18.36 | 27.13āĀ±ā15.36a | 29.58āĀ±ā17.43b | 30.48āĀ±ā17.28b | 36.98āĀ±ā21.39b | <ā0.001 | 19.56āĀ±ā9.62a | 24.3āĀ±ā11.47b | 32.47āĀ±ā15.22b | 47.8āĀ±ā20.82b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Vitamin E (mg/day) | 11.36āĀ±ā11.66 | 11.92āĀ±ā11.85 | 11.52āĀ±ā11.80 | 10.98āĀ±ā12.02 | 11.01āĀ±ā10.92 | 0.038 | 7.70āĀ±ā7.16a | 9.55āĀ±ā8.93b | 12.72āĀ±ā13.28b | 15.45āĀ±ā14.19b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Vitamin C (mg) | 210.5āĀ±ā188.7 | 196.2āĀ±ā169a | 218.3āĀ±ā214.3b | 219.2āĀ±ā169.6b | 208.5āĀ±ā197.1 | <ā0.001 | 115.1āĀ±ā54.12a | 166.8āĀ±ā92b | 243.2āĀ±ā148.4b | 317.1āĀ±ā292.6b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Folic acid (Āµg) | 379.8āĀ±ā228 | 354.6āĀ±ā215.5a | 361.9āĀ±ā217.7 | 370.8āĀ±ā216.6 | 432.1āĀ±ā251.8b | <ā0.001 | 230.7āĀ±ā93.18a | 300āĀ±ā127.6b | 410.8āĀ±ā193.8b | 577.8āĀ±ā276.8b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Magnesium (mg) | 339.3āĀ±ā179.6 | 309.6āĀ±ā155.2a | 322.9āĀ±ā166.2 | 336.2āĀ±ā180.7b | 339.3āĀ±ā179.6b | <ā0.001 | 199.7āĀ±ā58.38a | 262.8āĀ±ā79.31b | 359āĀ±ā125.2b | 535.7āĀ±ā198.7b | <ā0.001 |
Food groups (g/1000Ā kcal) | |||||||||||
Ā Fruits | 184.3āĀ±ā138.4 | 205.6āĀ±ā145.1a | 202.3āĀ±ā141.8 | 192.3āĀ±ā130.3b | 136.9āĀ±ā124.1b | <ā0.001 | 187.8āĀ±ā109.9a | 204.8āĀ±ā128.1b | 202.8āĀ±ā151.3b | 184.3āĀ±ā138.4b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Vegetables | 96.6āĀ±ā77.29 | 112āĀ±ā82.82a | 104.1āĀ±ā78.03b | 97.77āĀ±ā75.50b | 72.76āĀ±ā66.25b | <ā0.001 | 119.6āĀ±ā81.3a | 104.7āĀ±ā69.75b | 96.78āĀ±ā81.41b | 65.57āĀ±ā65.10b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Red meat | 20.46āĀ±ā18.37 | 22.60āĀ±ā17.77a | 24.60āĀ±ā21.13b | 20.12āĀ±ā16.43b | 14.51āĀ±ā16.16b | <ā0.001 | 25.29āĀ±ā20.43a | 23.65āĀ±ā16.75b | 20.90āĀ±ā19.34b | 11.99āĀ±ā13.15b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Fish | 7āĀ±ā13.56 | 5.90āĀ±ā11.50a | 6.70āĀ±ā12.80 | 7.48āĀ±ā14.42b | 7.91āĀ±ā15.14b | <ā0.001 | 5.85āĀ±ā9.99a | 5.65āĀ±ā10.98 | 7.65āĀ±ā14.93b | 8.85āĀ±ā16.90b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Dairy | 89.84āĀ±ā60.16 | 106.99āĀ±ā76.74a | 94.95āĀ±ā53.32b | 89.96āĀ±ā53.41b | 67.47āĀ±ā45.57b | <ā0.001 | 104.2āĀ±ā53.30a | 95.85āĀ±ā52.83b | 86.20āĀ±ā59.35b | 73.09āĀ±ā69.35b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Legumes and nuts | 25.20āĀ±ā19.14 | 29.78āĀ±ā25.53a | 25.64āĀ±ā18.63b | 24.07āĀ±ā14.99b | 21.31āĀ±ā14.35b | <ā0.001 | 27.80āĀ±ā18.12a | 25.24āĀ±ā18.01b | 25.30āĀ±ā20.19b | 22.46āĀ±ā19.80b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Whole grains | 29.95āĀ±ā27.33 | 26.68āĀ±ā20.58a | 32.32āĀ±ā24.55b | 33.81āĀ±ā27.92b | 27.01āĀ±ā33.82 | <ā0.001 | 34.97āĀ±ā24.53a | 37.83āĀ±ā28.35b | 29.25āĀ±ā28.89b | 17.77āĀ±ā22.65b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Refined grains | 85.67āĀ±ā58.18 | 126.70āĀ±ā66.74a | 93.05āĀ±ā47.27b | 67.95āĀ±ā41.92b | 55āĀ±ā45.87b | <ā0.001 | 100.5āĀ±ā54a | 102āĀ±ā49.75 | 82.02āĀ±ā59.34b | 58.11āĀ±ā58.05b | <ā0.001 |
Ā Sugars | 12.63āĀ±ā11.64 | 10.21āĀ±ā7.58a | 11.88āĀ±ā9.05b | 13.36āĀ±ā11.61b | 15.07āĀ±ā15.98b | <ā0.001 | 12.14āĀ±ā9.27 | 12.74āĀ±ā9.42 | 12.80āĀ±ā12.58 | 12.84āĀ±ā14.47 | 0.210 |
Ā Salt | 2.94āĀ±ā3.68 | 3.21āĀ±ā2.94a | 3.22āĀ±ā3.45 | 3.14āĀ±ā3.89 | 2.21āĀ±ā4.21b | <ā0.001 | 4.24āĀ±ā3.83a | 3.61āĀ±ā3.11b | 2.41āĀ±ā3.37b | 1.52āĀ±ā3.73b | <ā0.001 |