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Table 1 General characteristics of participants across quartiles of GI and GL

From: Higher dietary glycemic load is inversely associated with stress prevalence among Iranian adults

Variable

GI

GL

Total

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-valuea

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-value

Depression, yes (%)

578 (8.1)a

148 (8.3)

142 (7.9)

130 (7.2)

158 (8.9)

0.326

158 (8.8)

153 (8.6)

132 (7.3)

135 (7.6)

0.252

Anxiety, yes (%)

754 (10.5)

186 (10.4)

186 (10.3)

170 (9.5)

212 (11.9)

0.113

200 (11.1)

190 (10.7)

183 (10.1)

181 (10.2)

0.710

Stress, yes (%)

238 (3.3)

58 (3.2)

65 (3.6)

54 (3)

61 (3.4)

0.776

68 (3.8)

69 (3.9)

54 (3)

47 (2.7)

0.106

BMI (kg/m2)

Ā <ā€‰18.5

247 (3.3)

61 (3.2)

63 (3.3)

75 (4)

48 (2.5)

0.018

57 (3)

55 (2.9)

73 (3.9)

62 (3.3)

0.112

Ā 18.5ā€“24.9

2339 (30.9)

595 (31.4)

618 (32.6)

586 (30.9)

540 (28.5)

577 (30.5)

630 (33.3)

577 (30.5)

555 (29.3)

Ā >ā€‰25

4988 (65.9)

1237 (65.3)

1213 (64)

1233 (65.1)

1305 (68.9)

1259 (66.5)

1209 (63.8)

1244 (65.7)

1276 (67.4)

Age (%)

Ā 20ā€“29Ā years

1586 (21.5)

419 (22.7)

404 (21.8)

404 (217)

359 (19.6)

0.052

322 (17.4)

404 (22)

433 (23.4)

427 (23.2)

< 0.01

Ā 30ā€“39 years

1598 (20.8)

383 (20.8)

395 (21.4)

380 (20.4)

440 (24)

324 (17.5)

405 (22)

429 (23.1)

440 (23.9)

Ā 40ā€“49 years

1586 (21.5)

387 (21)

413 (22.3)

393 (21.1)

393 (21.4)

404 (21.8)

397 (21.6)

399 (21.5)

386 (21)

Ā 50ā€“59Ā years

1402 (19)

377 (20.4)

347 (18.8)

348 (18.7)

330 (18)

392 (21.2)

341 (18.5)

323 (17.4)

346 (18.8)

Ā 60ā€“69Ā years

1215 (16.4)

279 (15.1)

290 (15.7)

334 (18)

312 (17)

409 (22.1)

293 (15.9)

270 (14.6)

243 (13.2)

Physical activity (Met_min/week)

901.1bā€‰Ā±ā€‰905.1

890.8ā€‰ Ā±ā€‰ 883.1

894.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰910.5

877.5ā€‰Ā±ā€‰875

942.4ā€‰Ā±ā€‰950.3

0.156

826.6ā€‰Ā±ā€‰876.7

896.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰896.4

932.8ā€‰Ā±ā€‰903

949ā€‰Ā±ā€‰939.7

<ā€‰0.01

Marriage (%)

Ā Single

856 (11.6)

232 (12.6)

225 (12.2)

206 (11.1)

193 (10.6)

0.019

178 (9.6)

224 (12.2)

220 (11.9)

234 (12.8)

0.001

Ā Married

6264 (85.1)

1575 (85.6)

1567 (84.8)

1570 (85.9)

1570 (85.9)

1587 (86)

1541 (84.2)

1585 (85.6)

1551 (84.6)

Ā Widowed or divorced

240 (3.3)

61 (3.3)

40 (2.2)

75 (4.1)

64 (3.5)

80 (4.3)

65 (3.6)

46 (2.5)

49 (2.7)

Smoking status (%)

Ā Never smoker

6328 (87.8)

1582 (87.6)

1576 (87)

1617 (89)

1553 (87.5)

0.496

1609 (88.4)

1567 (86.9)

1587 (87.7)

1565 (88.3)

0.520

Ā Current smoker

766 (10.6)

194 (10.7)

207 (11.4)

177 (9.7)

188 (10.6)

190 (10.4)

200 (11.1)

192 (10.6)

184 (10.4)

Ā Ex_smoker

113 (1.6)

29 (1.6)

29 (1.6)

22 (1.2)

33 (1.9)

22 (1.2)

36 (2)

31 (1.7)

24 (1.4)

Ā Gender, male (%)

3673 (49.7)

909 (49.1)

927 (50.2)

917 (49.5)

920 (50.2)

0.877

831 (44.8)

923 (50.3)

967 (52)

952 (51.9)

<ā€‰0.01

Job (%)

Ā Unemployed

1415 (19.5)

353 (19.6)

325 (17.9)

357 (19.6)

380 (21.1)

0.336

358 (19.8)

359 (19.9)

306 (16.8)

392 (21.7)

<ā€‰0.01

Ā Government employee

3537 (48.8)

898 (49.8)

898 (49.5)

904 (49.6)

837 (46.5)

960 (53.1)

898 (49.7)

876 (48.1)

803 (44.4)

Ā Manual worker

247 (3.4)

60 (3.3)

66 (3.6)

56 (3.1)

65 (3.6)

61 (3.4)

53 (2.9)

67 (3.7)

66 (3.6)

Ā Freelance job

2046 (28.2)

492 (27.3)

530 (29.1)

505 (27.7)

519 (28.8)

428 (23.7)

497 (27.5)

572 (31.4)

549 (30.3)

Education (%)

Ā Illiterate

1776 (24.1)

438 (23.7)

418 (22.7)

500 (27)

420 (23.1)

0.004

562 (30.5)

401 (21.8)

406 (22)

407 (22.3)

<ā€‰0.01

Ā Middle school

2095 (28.5)

501 (27.2)

508 (27.6)

514 (27.7)

527 (31.4)

527 (28.6)

549 (29.9)

494 (26.7)

525 (28.7)

Ā Diploma

2289 (31.1)

611 (33.1)

590 (32)

553 (29.8)

535 (29.4)

520 (28.2)

557 (30.3)

629 (34)

583 (31.9)

Ā Bachelors degree

995 (13.5)

253 (13.7)

261 (14.2)

204 (12.9)

241 (13.2)

201 (10.9)

270 (14.7)

260 (14.1)

264 (14.4)

Ā Master and doctor

205 (2.8)

42 (2.3)

65 (3.5)

47 (2.5)

51 (2.8)

35 (1.9)

62 (3.4)

59 (3.2)

49 (2.7)

Multi-vitamins supplement (%)

Ā Never

6407 (86.1)

1727 (94.3)

1715 (91.9)

1619 (86.4)

1346 (72.1)

>ā€‰0.01

1741 (94.2)

1727 (93.7)

1691 (90)

1248 (66.8)

<ā€‰0.01

Ā 1ā€“3/month

482 (6.5)

44 (2.4)

67 (3.6)

95 (5.1)

276 (14.8)

34 (1.8)

37 (2)

64 (3.4)

347 (18.6)

Ā Minimal once a week

549 (7.4)

60 (3.3)

85 (4.6)

159 (8.5)

245 (13.1)

73 (4)

79 (4.3)

124 (6.6)

273 (14.6)

Ā Diabetes, yes (%)

912 (12)

233 (12.3)

209 (11)

244 (12.9)

226 (11.9)

0.358

313 (16.5)

229 (12.1)

194 (10.2)

176 (9.3)

<ā€‰0.01

Ā Hypertension, yes (%)

1135 (15)

280 (14.8)

280 (14.8)

321 (16.9)

254 (13.4)

0.023

350 (18.5)

286 (14.1)

277 (14.6)

240 (12.7)

<ā€‰0.01

  1. GI glycemic index, GL glycemic load
  2. aObtained from Ļ‡2 test and one-way anova for categorical and continuous variables, respectively
  3. bData are presented as meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰standard deviation (SD)