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Table 1 Cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular variables before and during electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) or rest (control)

From: Effects of electrical muscle stimulation on cerebral blood flow

Variable

EMS

Control

P value

Main effect

Interaction

Pre

EMS

Pre

Rest

Condition

Time

HR (bpm)

63± 8

84 ± 17*

62 ± 10

61 ± 9

P = 0.01

P = 0.03

P = 0.005

MAP (mmHg)

87 ± 4

95 ± 6**

86 ± 3

85 ± 4

P < 0.001

P = 0.03

P = 0.001

E, l·min-1

9.9 ± 2.1

20.7 ± 6.7**

9.0 ± 1.8

7.9 ± 0.9

P = 0.001

P = 0.004

P = 0.001

V̇O2, mL min-1

255 ± 33

696 ± 268**

263 ± 39

240 ± 23

P = 0.001

P = 0.001

P = 0.001

PETCO2, mmHg

41.5 ± 2.7

43.1 ± 2.3

42.0 ± 3.3

42.1 ± 2.9

P = 0.67

P = 0.048

P = 0.25

ICA blood flow (ml min-1)

330 ± 69

371 ± 81**

346 ± 88

329 ± 78 *

P = 0.18

P = 0.04

P = 0.001

 Diameter (mm)

0.48 ± 0.04

0.50 ± 0.04 *

0.48 ± 0.05

0.48 ± 0.04

P = 0.25

P = 0.08

P = 0.049

 Blood flow velocity (cm sec-1)

30.3 ± 2.7

31.6 ± 3.2

31.6 ± 4.0

29.9 ± 2.5

P = 0.85

P = 0.76

P = 0.04

 ICA CVC (ml·min-1 mmHg-1)

3.79 ± 0.80

3.93 ± 0.86*

4.01± 1.00

3.85 ± 0.87

P = 0.50

P = 0.83

P = 0.005

VA blood flow (ml min-1)

125 ± 47

130 ± 45

122 ± 41

122± 41

P = 0.58

P = 0.50

P = 0.16

 Diameter (cm)

0.33 ± 0.05

0.32 ± 0.05

0.32 ± 0.04

0.32 ± 0.05

P = 0.61

P = 0.86

P = 0.49

 Blood flow velocity (cm sec-1)

24.1 ± 4.1

25.5 ± 3.7

24.2 ± 3.3

24.2 ± 3.5

P = 0.67

P = 0.27

P = 0.17

 VA CVC (ml·min-1 mmHg-1)

1.42 ± 0.51

1.36 ± 0.44

1.41 ± 0.46

1.43 ± 0.49

P = 0.77

P = 0.77

P = 0.09

gCBF blood flow (ml min-1)

910 ± 192

1,002 ± 199***

937 ± 203

902 ± 184

P = 0.04

P = 0.08

P < 0.001

  1. Values are mean±SD
  2. HR heart rate, MAP mean arterial pressure, E minute ventilation, V̇O2 oxygen uptake, PETCO2 end-tidal partial pressure of CO2, ICA internal carotid artery, CVC cerebrovascular conductance, VA vertebral artery, gCBF global cerebral blood flow
  3. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 vs. pre