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Table 5 The Games-Howell multiple comparisons table to show specific group differences between schizophrenic patients, 1st-degree relatives, and healthy control

From: The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: clinical clues from craniofacial dysmorphology in northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Cranial anthropometric dimensions in (cm)

(I) patient control status of the study sample

(J) patient control status of the study sample

Mean difference (I–J)

Sig.

95% Confidence interval

Lower bound

Upper bound

Head length

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

0.16947

0.784

− 0.4315

0.7704

Healthy control

− 0.17921

0.762

− 0.7808

0.4224

Head width

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

0.43474a

0.001

0.1633

0.7062

Healthy control

0.03526

0.945

− 0.2240

0.2945

Head height

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

0.33316a

0.036

0.0174

0.6489

Healthy control

0.29921

0.116

− 0.0542

0.6526

Head circumference

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.53474

0.338

− 1.4296

0.3601

Healthy control

− 0.93737

0.056

− 1.8942

0.0195

Coronal arc length

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

0.86105a

0.000

0.3478

1.3743

Healthy control

0.79000a

0.006

0.1863

1.3937

Sagittal arc length

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

0.70632a

0.001

0.2404

1.1722

Healthy control

1.05053a

0.000

0.4262

1.6749

  1. aThe mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
  2. Bold values indicates significant craniofacial differences between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls