Table 2 Studies of Ceftriaxone effects on traumatic brain injury animal models
Parameters/Authors | Species weight | Injury model severity | Dosage and course | Region observed | Parameters observed | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wei et al. 2012 | SD Rat 180–220 g | Weight-drop 20 g/30 cm height | 200 mg/kg Single dose | Cortex | Brain edema TNF-α IL-6 IL-1β INF-r GLT-1 Learning and memory | Increase expression of GLT-1 Improving cognitive function Alleviating brain edema Reducing excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation |
Cui et al. 2013 | SD rat 300–330 g | Weight-drop 450 g/1.5 m height | 200 mg/kg/d × 5 days | Hippocampus | Brain edema Autophage GLT-1 Learning and memory | Upper regulation of GLT-1 Suppression neuronal autophage Reducing brain edema |
Goodrich et al. 2013 | Long-Evans 367 ± 36 g | Fluid percussion 2.3 ± 0.1 atm | 200 mg/kg/d × 7 days | Cortex | GLT-1 GFAP Seizure | Increase GLT-1 protein expression Decrease GFAP expression Reduce seizure duration |
Hameed et al. 2019 | SD rat 367 ± 36 g | Fluid percussion 2.3 ± 0.1 atm | 250 mg/kg/d × 7 days | Cortex | Interneuron GLT-1 GABA | Prevent cortical inhibitory interneuron dysfunction Preserving GLT-1 expression |
Present study 2020 | SD rat 380 ± 22 g | Fluid percussion 2.20 ± 0.01 atm | 50 mg/ kg/d or 250 mg/kg/d × 3 days | Cortex | TTC Motor TTC TUNEL GLT-1 OX42,TNF-α ICP | Increase GLT-1 expression in microglia & neuron Improved motor dysfunction Decrease infarct volume, apoptosis Attenuated neuroinflammation Lower ICP in initial 120 min after TBI |