Fig. 1

Memantine ameliorated spatial learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. A The swimming trajectory of mice during the probe test. B Histograms showing no significant difference in the swimming speed of mice among the groups in the visible platform test. C The mean escape latency was given for different test days in these three groups. D Histograms showing that the decrease in swimming time in the target quadrant and the increase in swimming time in the opposite quadrant in the APP/PS1 + Saline group during the probe trial test was reversed by memantine treatment. E Number of platform site crossovers in target quadrant during probe test. n = 8 mice for per group. *p < 0.05 compared with WT mice; #p < 0.05 compared with saline treated APP/PS1 mice. One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-tests. Bars represent as mean ± SEM. Bar graphs show mean ± SEM