| Healthy Male (n = 10) | Healthy Female (n = 10) | Diabetes Male (n = 10) | Diabetes Female (n = 10) | p-values (KWa) | Fisher’s methodb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male/ female | Healthy/ Diabetes | ||||||
Axonal outgrowth (neurofilaments, mm) | 7.0 (6.8–7.3) | 6.3 (6.1–6.4) | 6.9 (6.7–7.1) | 5.8 (5.1–6.2) | 0.0001 |  < 0.0001 | 0.02 |
ATF-3 (% of total) SNL | 17.8 (17.6–18.4) | 17.6 (16.7–18.0) | 19.8 (19.1–21.1) | 16.4 (15.7–17.3) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.001 |
ATF-3 (% of total) SND | 19.2 (17.7–19.6) | 19.5 (18.9–20.1) | 18.7 (16.9–20.1) | 15.2 (14.4–15.7) | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.001 |
Cleaved caspase-3 (% of total) SNL | 5.2 (2.6–7.8) | 3.1 (2.9–3.4) | 9.6 (8.7–11.6) | 7.0 (6.4–10.1) | 0.0001 | 0.31 |  < 0.0001 |
Cleaved caspase-3 (% of total) SND | 2.7 (2.2–4.0) | 2.5 (2.4–2.7) | 6.4 (4.5–7.1) | 5.8 (4.3–6.1) | 0.0001 | 0.39 |  < 0.0001 |
Total cell number (mm2) SNL | 5344 (5297–5367) | 4935 (4827–5010) | 5043 (4916–5184) | 5118 (4977–5161) | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 |
Total cell number (mm2) SND | 5344 (5273–5414) | 5226 (5020–5391) | 4949 (4789–5128) | 5137 (4911–5179) | 0.0001 | 0.07 |  < 0.0001 |
Preoperative B-glucose (mmol/l) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | 3.90 (3.8–4.3) | 15.0 (13.3–17.2) | 10.3 (9.7–11.7) | 0.0001 |  < 0.0001 |  < 0.0001 |
Weight increase (%) | 2.2 (0.7–2.7) | 2.4 (1.3–4.8) | 2.0 (1.2–2.6) | 2.6 (2.0–3.2) | 0.34 | – | – |