Fig. 1

Experimental design of tests for affective and cognitive behavior after chronic constriction injury (CCI). a Mice were tested in three paradigms for anxiety-like behavior in the following sequence: elevated plus maze (EPM), light–dark box (LDB), and open field (OF). b Mice were tested in the forced-swim test (FST) for depression-like behavior and in the Morris water maze test (MWM) and Morris water maze probe trial (PT) for learning and memory. c Mice performed the FST and the novel object recognition test (NOR) for cognition. d Detailed test procedure of the NOR. After habituation on four consecutive days (10 min each) in the open field arena, mice were familiarized with two similar objects in the training phase of 10 min. In the test phase, mice faced one familiar and one novel object after 1 h (short-term memory), and 24 h (long-term memory) for 5 min, each