Fig. 1

Bursting exhibited by a hybrid system comprised of a real-time HN model (pink) with Na+/K+ pump incorporated and living synaptically isolated HN (blue) from ganglion 7 with dynamic-clamp IPump scaled by parameter I_pump^max. The pump currents grow during bursts, governed by intracellular Na+ concentration [Na]i. In the living cell, the added pump current is controlled by virtual [Na]i. At the beginning of the trace I_(pump Math)^max = 1 nA, and I_(pump Live)^max = 0.5 nA and at the arrow both I_(pump)^max were increased by factor of 2. The change caused decrease of [Na]i., but did not significantly affect the period of the HCO