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Table 1 Patient characteristics, cognitive assessment and relationship with CVR

From: Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity and its relationship to cognition: a systematic review

Study

Sample (age, mean ± SD)

Cognitive assessment (score ± SD)

CVR in participants

CVR and cognition

Calviere et al. [34]

10 MMD (40.4, 8 female), 6 with DCS

Executive function

 TMT B

 Letter and category fluency

 Stroop interference

 Brixton test

 WISC-C

 WISC-P

Attention and processing speed

 TMT A

 Coloured dots and words Stroop

CVR < DCS than no DCS

Frontal CVR reduced in cognitively impaired patients, temporoparietal CVR was not different between DCS and no DCS

Cantin et al. [13]

7 MCI (64.1 ± 9.0, 2 female)

9 AD (71.1 ± 6.7, 5 female)

11 HC (65.4 ± 9.3, 6 female)

MMSE

 MCI 27.4 ± 1.8

 AD 21.7 ± 2.2

 HC 29.5 ± 0.5

CDR

HC > MCI = AD

CVR correlated with MMSE score in all regions examined

Chung et al. [32]

35 T2DM (65.1 ± 8.0)

30 HC (67.1 ± 10.4)

33 female whole sample

2-year follow-up: 40ppts, 19 T2DM

MMSE (not analysed with CVR)

HVLT-R (verbal learning and memory function)

ROCF (visual–spatial ability and visual memory function)

TMT A & B (executive function)

VF (executive function)

IADL scale

Composite learning and memory T score (average of HVLT-R and ROCF)

Composite executive function (average of VF and TMT)

T2DM Baseline: 47.5 ± 8.3

2-year follow up: 44.6 ± 10.5

HC baseline: 52.1 ± 7.6

2-year follow up: 56.5 ± 9.9

No significant CVR differences between T2DM and HC at baseline or 2-year follow up

Controls: no significant association between CVR and executive function

Decreased CVR associated with decline in executive function in T2DM

Regional CVR associated with executive function in frontal and parietal lobes in T2DM

Gauthier et al. [33]

31 younger (24 ± 3, 10 female)

54 older (63 ± 5, 37 female)

MMSE (values not reported)

Modified Stroop task (executive function)

Frontal CVR lower in older group, but not significant

Frontal BOLD CVR not associated with Stroop performance

Glodzik et al. [37]

7 MCI (73.4 ± 8.2, 10 female)

17 HC (69.8 ± 6.9, 32 female)

MMSE

 MCI 27.5 ± 2.4

 HC 29.2 ± 1.0

Brief Cognitive Rating Scale

GDS

HC > MCI

CVR not related to MMSE, age, or regional brain volumes, in either the entire sample or in HC and MCI subgroups

Metzger et al. [36]

33 MS patients, 12 CI (41 ± 6.27, 7 female), 21 CN (39 ± 5.9114 female)

22 HC (41 ± 6.48, 13 female)

BCcogSEP (short term memory, visual memory, digit spans, working memory, processing speed, go-no-go test, executive function)

Overall MS = HC

CI < CN

CVR lower in cognitively impaired patients in whole brain and all regions examined

Richiardi et al. [31]

15 MCI (71 ± 10, 9 female)

20 AD (76 ± 7, 10 female)

28 HC (73 ± 7, 18 female)

MMSE

 MCI 28 ± 2

 AD 25 ± 3

 HC 29 ± 1

AD and MCI slower CVR velocity

CVR correlated with MMSE in 10 regions of the DMN

Tchistiakova et al. [10]

18 HTN + T2DM (71.8 ± 5.6, 7 female)

22 HTN only (73.4 ± 6.2), 12 female)

TMT A (processing speed)

CVLT (memory)

WCST (executive function)

Compared to HTN, HTN + T2DM had decreased CVR in frontal and parietal areas

No significant associations between CVR and cognitive function

Thomas et al. [35]

44 MCI (64 ± 6.6, 26 female)

28 HC (65.6 ± 6.8, 15 female)

MMSE

 MCI 28.9 ± 1.4

 HC 29 ± 1.0

LM (immediate and delayed recall)

TMT A & B (executive function)

CVLT (memory)

MCI = HC

No significant differences in whole brain grey matter CVR between MCI and HC

Yezhuvath et al. [30]

12 AD (68.7 ± 8.4, 10 female)

13 HC (70.5 ± 8.3, 4 female)

MMSE

 AD 22.8 ± 4.1

 HC 29.6 ± 0.7

CERAD battery

CDR

BNT (language ability)

HC > AD

Compared with controls, AD patients had reduced CVR in rostral brain

CVR in frontal lobe and insula (the primary CVR deficit regions) not related to global cognitive function

Significant correlation between CVR and Boston Naming Test score in the frontal and insula regions in AD patients

  1. Mean age and SD in brackets
  2. MMD moyamoya disease, DCS, dysexecutive cognitive syndrome, CI cognitive impairment, CN cognitively normal, HC healthy controls, AD Alzheimer’s disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, HTN hypertension, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, BCcogSEP French language test to evaluate cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, ROCF Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure, HVLT-R Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, GDS Global Deterioration Scale, LM logical memory, TMT A & B Trail Making Test Parts A and B; VF verbal fluency, CVLT California Verbal Learning Test, WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (-C: categories; -P: perseverations), CERAD Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, BNT Boston Naming Test