Fig. 4

Striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1)-positive microglia. Profound expression of GFAP-positive astrocytes (green, a) and Iba-1-positive microglia (green, b) was found in the ROT-administered rats compared to the vehicle-injected CONT rats. In contrast, NRD supplementation to the ROT injected rats showed moderate staining of GFAP and Iba-1 compared to the ROT-injected rats (scale bar = 200 µm). Quantitative analysis of activated astrocytes (c) and microglia (d) revealed a significant increase (**p < 0.01) in the number of activated astrocytes and microglia in the ROT group rats compared to the CONT group. However, NRD supplementation significantly reduced (^#p < 0.05) the number of activated astrocytes and microglia in the ROT + NRD group compared to the ROT group. CONT rats and NRD-only-injected rats did not show any marked difference in the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Values are expressed as the percent mean ± SEM (n = 3)