Tics are caused by alterations in prefrontal areas, thalamus and putamen, while changes in the cingulate gyrus reflect secondary compensatory mechanisms

Table 2 Brain regions showing significant correlations with tic severity

Anatomical location	Cluster	MNI-space			t-value	p-value
	(voxel)	x	y	z		(SVC)
FA negative correlation
L superior frontal gyrus	1394	−15	51	19	6.29	0.008
L cingulate gyrus	291	−10	16	46	4.19	0.010
R middle occipital gyrus	119	44	−76	−2	3.81	0.024
R middle frontal gyrus	186	28	43	4	3.69	0.031
R thalamus (VPL)	71	20	−21	−4	3.65	0.033
R cingulate gyrus	28	24	38	16	3.52	0.044
L medial frontal gyrus	22	−13	−8	61	3.48	0.045
R medial frontal gyrus	12	9	−25	67	3.46	0.051
FA positive correlation
R superior temporal gyrus	92	54	−7	−2	4.36	0.001
L lingual gyrus	627	−19	−67	−11	4.04	0.014
L parahippocampal gyrus		−29	−53	−4	3.96	0.017
R cingulate gyrus	75	5	22	32	3.92	0.019
R superior temporal gyrus	345	43	−23	9	3.78	0.025
L postcentral gyrus	123	−41	−23	47	3.69	0.031
L corpus callosum (body)	306	−17	−6	31	3.67	0.032
L thalamus	131	−11	−9	13	3.66	0.033
R medial frontal gyrus	25	7	40	−11	3.61	0.037
ADC positive correlation
L Putamen	2185	−26	4	−4	4.39	0.006
R Putamen	1192	28	2	−5	4.29	0.007
L precentral gyrus	297	−52	7	10	3.85	0.021
R putamen	190	21	18	4	3.75	0.026
L middle occipital gyrus	143	−50	−58	−11	3.71	0.026
L anterior cingulate gyrus	49	−9	44	6	3.65	0.031
L caudate body	109	−19	4	20	3.59	0.036
R precentral gyrus	27	43	3	10	3.57	0.038
L cingulate gyrus	51	−7	−20	29	3.56	0.038
R medial frontal gyrus	56	11	50	5	3.54	0.040
R middle frontal gyrus	19	29	50	−10	3.48	0.045
L Thalamus (VA)	17	−9	−2	9	3.42	0.051

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