Table 1 Results obtained in different studies on the Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) or Subjective Visual Horizontal (SVH).
Authors | Sample | Physical size | Distance | Angular size | Orientation | Tilt | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wade (1969) | 10 subjects, sex no specified (ns) | 91.5 cm et 15.5 cm (2.1 cm wide) | 180 cm | 28.52° et 4.93° | SVV | ± 30° (Head Tilt) | E-effect on average Decrease of the E-effect with large bar |
De Graaf et al. (1992) | 7 men, 5 women (age between 19-32 yr) | 50 cm | 125 cm | 22.6° | SVH | 0°, ± 5°, ± 10°, ± 15°, ± 20°, ± 25° (Body Tilt) | On average, no deviation from upright. 5 subjects had E-effect, 3 others an A-effect, the remaining 4 subjects were not easily determined: 3 of them tended to show an E-effect and 1 tended to show an A- effect |
Tribukait et al. (1996) | 39 men and 36 women (37 ans), 3 were excluded but their sex was not specified | ns | ns | 6.5° | SVH | 0°, ± 10°, ± 20°, ± 30 (Body Tilt) | High between-subjects variability but E-effect on average |
Guerraz et al. (1998) | 35 women and 34 men (age between 18 and 22 yr) | 21 cm | ns | 20° | SVV | ± 28° (Head Tilt) | A-effect |
Van Beuzekom & Van Gisbergen (2000) | 5 men and 1 woman (age between 20 and 54 yr) | ns | 100 cm | 17° | SVV and SVH | Between -180° and +180° with a 10° interval (Body Tilt) | High between-subjects variability, for small angle of tilt, some subjects show E-effects, others, A-effects |
Guerraz et al. (2000) | N = 20 sex no specified (age between 18 and 22 yr) | 21 cm | 60 cm | 19.85° | SVV | 0° ± 7, ± 14, ± 21, ± 28, ± 35° (Head tilt) | A-effect on average from 7° to 35° of head-tilt |
Mast (2000) | 1 man and 3 women (age between 26 and 32 yr) | ns | 120 cm | 8° | SVV | Angles between 0° and 180° at each 15° intervals 0°, 15°, 30, 45°...180° (Body Tilt) | A small (no precise value) A-effect for tilt angle up to 135° |
Luyat & Gentaz (2002) | 7 women and 2 men (mean age = 22.4 yr) | 27 cm | 68 cm | 22.46° | SVV | ± 45° | A-effect |
Trousselard et al. (2003) | 5 women and 11 men (mean age: 28 yr) | 32 cm long (1.5 cm wide) | 55 cm | 32.44° | SVV | 0°, ± 15°, ± 30°, ± 45°, ± 60°, ± 75°, ± 90°, ± 105° (Body Tilt) | A-effect |
Kaptein & Van Gisbergen (2004) | 6 men (age between 23-59 yr) | ns | 90 cm | 20° | SVV | Angles between 0° and 360° at each 30° intervals 0°, 30, 60°, 90°...360° (Body Tilt) | Limited time of adjustment (30 sec) For angle ≤ 60°: 2/6: E-effect, 4 gave veridical response or small A-effect (no precise value) |