Table 2 Effects of levetiracetam on kindling-induced IEG expression in the hippocampi of kindled rats

Functional group

Vehicle†

Levetiracetam†

% reduction

% reduction

6.9 ± 0.4

2.4 ± 0.2

66

69

Transcription factors

5.8 ± 0.7

1.3 ± 0.1

77

67

12.5 ± 0.7

3.1 ± 0.2

75

88

1.4 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0

45

9

Neurotrophic factors

7.4 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.1

67

70

0.7 ± 0

0.9 ± 0.1

-22

-31

TGF-β

13.1 ± 1.1

3 ± 0.1

77

89

superfamily

6.2 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.1

76

72

Inflammatory

4 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.1

74

54

response

7.6 ± 0.5

2 ± 0.1

74

83

10.6 ± 1

2.9 ± 0.2

73

77

GPCR interactions

3.2 ± 0.2

2.5 ± 0.1

21

32

3.2 ± 0.1

0.8 ± 0.1

73

61

Extracellular

6.7 ± 0.3

2.2 ± 0.2

67

59

proteins

20.5 ± 1.8

2.5 ± 0.1

88

90

Cell adhesion

5.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.1

78

80

proteins

15.9 ± 1.7

2.9 ± 0.1

82

78

2.1 ± 0.2

1.4 ± 0.1

33

38

Others

4.3 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0

70

71

1.2 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0

22

14